Need more? Ask Us a Question. Here is a listing of design capabilities contained in this Cantilevered Retaining Wall module:. You may also include a weightless fence on top of the wall for the purpose of collecting additional wind load. Window Layout. The retaining wall module divides the screen into a left and right portion. The left portion contains all of the input data and in some cases intermediate calculated values.
The right portion contains the calculated results and sketches, retaining wall rebar size reduction. This tab allows you to enter the general information affecting the retaining wall.
More specific data will be entered on other tabs dedicated specifically to the stem, footing and loads. Retained Height. This is the height of retained earth measured from top of footing to the top of soil behind the stem over the heel.
When the backfill is sloped, the soil will slope away and upwards from this height. The actual retained height used for overturning and soil pressure calculations will be the retained height projected at the vertical plane of the back of the heel, but for stem moments, no such increase will be. Using the spin-buttons you can vary the retained height in 3-inch increments. You can also type in any number. After retaining wall rebar size reduction entry, you can press [ Tab ] to advance to the next entry, or use your mouse retaining wall rebar size reduction reposition the cursor.
Wall Height above Retained Soil. Use this entry to specify if the wall extends above the retained height. This entry is typically used to define a "screen wall" projection above the retained soil. This extension can be used as a weightless "Fence", or it can be defined as a concrete or masonry stem section without any soil retained behind it, retaining wall rebar size reduction. You can enter wind load on this projection using the entry labeled "Load stem above soil" on the Loads tab.
We'll handle the fence when we get to the Stem design screen. Height of Soil over Toe. Measured from top of footing to top of soil on the toe side, this may vary from a few inches to a few feet depending upon site conditions.
Note that it is specified in inches. It is used to calculate passive soil resistance but its effective depth can be modified by the "Soil over toe to Neglect" entry in the Sliding Resistance category on the Footing tab, retaining wall rebar size reduction. This depth of soil is also used to calculate the resisting moment, and to reduce retaining wall rebar size reduction net lateral sliding force.
You can negate the latter effects on the Options screen if desired. Water table height over heel. If a portion of the retained height is below a water table, the active pressure of the saturated soil will increase below that level. This additional pressure for the saturated soil is equal to the pressure of water, plus the submerged weight of the soil its saturated weight - If you want to design for a water table condition, enter the maximum height from top of footing to water table level.
The module will then compute the added pressures for saturated soil on the heel side of the footing, including buoyancy effect. It will also calculate increased moments and shears on the stem, and an increased overturning moment. If the water table is near the top of the retained height, it may be advisable to enter the saturated soil density and specify the resulting active pressure for the full retained height.
Soil Slope. You may enter any backfill slope behind the wall. The soil must be level or slope upward. Negative backfill slopes grade sloping downward, away from the wall are not allowed. The module will use this slope to:, retaining wall rebar size reduction.
When the Rankine or Coulomb method is used, the final calculated pressures do include the effect of the slope on those Rankine or Coulomb equations. The module will not accept a backfill slope steeper than the angle of internal friction, retaining wall rebar size reduction. Allow Soil Bearing. The maximum allowable soil bearing pressure for static conditions.
Using the spin buttons you can increment in 50 psf steps. Typical values vary from 1, psf to 4, psf or. Soil Density heel. Enter the soil density for all earth or water if applicable above the heel of the footing. This weight is used to calculate overturning resistance forces and soil pressures using the weight of the soil block over the projecting heel of the footing.
Input this value in lbs. Usual values are pcf to pcf. More if saturated soil. Water is usually assumed to be 64 pcf. Soil Density toe. Enter the soil density on the toe side, which may be different than the heel. Typical values are pcf to pcf. Lateral Pressure Method. Here you can choose between E. Equivalent Fluid PressureRankine formula or Coulomb formula. Based on your choice for Lateral Pressure Method, you will be offered the following input fields to fully define the lateral forces acting on the wall and footing.
When the EFP Method is selected:. Active Soil Pressure - Heel Side. Enter the equivalent fluid pressure EFP for the soil being retained that acts to retaining wall rebar size reduction and slide the wall toward the toe. These values are usually provided by the geotechnical engineer.
When the retained soil is sloped, a vertical component of the lateral earth pressure over the heel can be applied vertically downward in the plane of the back of the footing. Active Soil Pressure - Toe Side. Enter the active pressure to be used on the toe side of the wall. This active pressure is used along with the "Soil Height over Toe" value entered on the Sliding tab to calculate a stabilizing soil force on the wall. This front side of the wall is assumed to retaining wall rebar size reduction level.
The active pressure from soil over the toe counteracts the heel-side active pressure to reduce net overturning and net sliding force. This action is arguable, therefore the default is set to not use this counteracting force. Passive Pressure. This is the resistance of the soil in front of the wall and footing to being pushed against to resist sliding. Its value is in psf per foot of depth pcf, retaining wall rebar size reduction.
This value is usually obtained from the geotechnical engineer. Its value usually varies from pcf to about pcf. When the Retaining wall rebar size reduction or Coulomb Method is selected:.
Soil Friction Angle. This value is entered in degrees and is the angle of internal friction of the soil. This value is usually provided by a geotechnical engineer from soils tests, but can also be found in reference books or building codes for various typical soil classifications. This value is used along with Soil Density within the standard Rankine and Coulomb equations to determine "Ka" and "Kp" multipliers of density to give active and passive soil pressure values.
Active Soil Pressure. This value will be computed using the Rankine or Coulomb formulas. This represents the lateral earth pressure acting to slide and overturn the wall toward the toe. Passive Soil Pressure. This value will also be computed using the Rankine or Coulomb formulas. This is the resistance of the soil in front of the wall to being pushed against to resist sliding. Common values usually vary from pcf to about pcf. This tab allows you to enter all the loads that will be applied to your retaining wall in addition to lateral earth pressure.
Wind Load on exposed stem above soil. This wind force will be applied to that part of the stem projecting above the retained height defined by the entry "Wall height above retained soil. Only positive values of wind load should be specified. This will ensure that the wind load acts in the direction of the active soil pressure, increasing the overturning moment, the sliding force, the soil bearing pressure, and shear and moment in the stem, retaining wall rebar size reduction.
Surcharge over Toe. This surcharge is treated as additional soil weight � if the surcharge is psf and the density is pcf, then the module uses two feet of additional soil. Similarly, if 50 psf is added for the weight of a slab over the footing, this will be equivalent to 0. This surcharge will affect sliding resistance and active toe pressure, retaining wall rebar size reduction.
Keep this in mind if modeling a point load toe surcharge.
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