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Maxiwall Pro Click here to access the software! Please note: Most Terraforce Licensees use recycled concrete and clay bricks in the manufacture of Terraforce products.
Terraced Terraforce round face retaining walls for eroding slopes in a residential area situated on very steep hills in Morocco:. Read more �. When in mid Terraforce received the final images of a newly completed Terraforce earth retaining wall at the Salamanca Hospital, Salamanca, Spain, we were immediately struck by the technical excellence on display.
Having followed the installation process step by step, this outstanding outcome is not surprising. Getting through hard lockdowns and building industries at standstill has been challenging, however we can thankfully announce that sales have stabilised and mostly Retaining Wall Over Easement Questions returned to pre-lockdown levels.
Some regions even presented with an increase in sales. Concrete block retaining walls are often used to stabilise the slopes built during the construction of level platforms for new commercial or residential developments, such as for the new Shoprite Checkers on Drakenstein Road, Paarl, Western Cape, South Africa.
This site is nestled on gently sloping land between the Berg River to the west and the Drakenstein mountain range to the east, requiring slope stabilising measures. Terracrete hard lawn blocks hold many benefits for landscape designers. From an aesthetic point of view, they are very versatile � a grass driveway, a rustic gravel driveway or an attractive pattern of pavers can provide the finishing touch to a residence or development that is looking to stand out.
In addition, permeable grass pavers can add a parklike or pastoral feel to many areas that normally require hard paving, while providing effective storm water management and permeability at the same time. A concrete retaining wall with function can bring appeal to any garden. June 10th, Published in - Composite Walls. Property development often requires cut and fill slopes, that consequently need to be stabilised to prevent erosion by the elements.
Gabion wall. An effective, quick to install wall made of gabions. In the park. Retaining, stone and brick walls. The wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security. Wall separating the house from the street made of gabions. Automatic entrance gate used in combination with a wall made of gabion. Gabion filled with granite.
Close-up of a wall detail made of a gabion. In the wall, the gate, before the gate, a post with a button to open it. Fence made of gabions. A huge retaining wall, designed to stabilize the ground made of gabions. Strengthening the steep slope. A fragment of a retaining wall made of gabions. Impressive and very durable fence of the property made of split granite. Close-up of the surface of an effective and very durable fence made of split granite.
A fragment of a fence made of gabions. Separation of the street from the park area. Austria, Tyrol, Kitzbuehel, stone wall in Kitzbuehel. The possible occurrence of other design cases, or variation of the one above, caused by construction sequence or future development of surrounding areas should also be considered.
For instances, additional surcharges may need to be considered and allowance made for any possible future removal of ground in front of the wall in connection with services, particularly if the passive resistance of this material is included in the stability calculations. The effect of excavation on the wall bearing capacity may also need to be considered. For the determination of earth pressure, it is usual to consider a unit length of the cross-section of the wall and retained soil.
A unit length is also used in the structural design of cantilever walls and other walls with a uniform cross-section. Fill slopes constructed in Hong Kong prior to are likely to have been end tipped or inadequately compacted.
Such slopes may be subject to liquefaction under conditions of heavy rainfall, vibration or leakage from services, and resulting mud flows may have serious consequences. Undercutting of the slope toe, for retaining wall construction, will increase the risk of failure. For all walls higher than 5 meters, especially those with sloping backfill, the soil properties of natural ground and backfill should be estimated in advance of design from tests on samples of the material involved.
In addition, special attention should be paid to the determination of ground water levels, particularly with respect to maximum probable values. For less important walls, an estimation of the soil properties may be made from previous tests on similar materials.
A careful visual examination of the materials, particularly that at the proposed foundation level, should be made and index tests carried out to ensure that the assumed material type is correct. The ideal backfill for a minimum section wall is a free draining granular material of high shearing strength. However, the final choice of material should be based on the costs and availability of such materials balanced against the cost of more expensive walls.
In general, the use of fine-grained clayey backfills is not recommended. Clays are subjected to seasonal variation in moisture content and consequent swelling and shrinkage. This effect may lead to an increase in pressure against a wall when these soils are used as backfill. Due to consolidation, long term settlement problems are considerably greater than with cohesion less materials.
For cohesive backfills, special attention must be paid to the provision of drainage to prevent the built-up water pressure. Free draining cohesionless materials may not require the same amount of attention in this respect.
They may still require protection by properly designed filter layers. In Hong Kong, backfill for retaining walls usually comprises selected decomposed grainite or decomposed volcanic rock.
This material is in general suitable for backfill provided that it is properly compacted and drainage measures are carefully designed and properly installed to prevent build-up of water pressure. In fact, rockfill is a very suitable material for use as a backfill to retaining walls and consideration should be given to its use when available. In general, the rockfill should be well graded and have a nominal maximum size of mm.
The earth pressure which acts on an earth retaining structure is strongly dependent on the lateral deformations which occur in the soil. Hence, unless the deformation condition can be estimated with Garden View Hong Kong reasonable accuracy, rational prediction of the magnitude and distribution of each pressure in the structure is not possible. The minimum active pressure which can be exerted against a wall occurs when the wall moves sufficiently for outwards for the soil behind the wall to expand laterally and reach a state of plastic equilibrium.
Similarly, the maximum passive pressure occurs when the wall movement is towards the soil. The amount of movement necessary to reach these failure conditions is dependent primarily on the type of backfill material. Some guidance on the movements is given in Table 1.
Uniform surcharge loads may be converted to an equivalent height of fill and the earth pressures calculated for the correspondingly greater height. For example, the buildings with shallow foundation may be taken as a uniform surcharge of 10kPa per storey. Figure 1. In the absence of more exact calculations, the nominal load due to live load surcharge may be taken from Table 2. Figure 3: Surcharge load cases. The presence of water behind a wall has a marked effect on the pressures applied to the wall.
When the water intersect the walls, a hydrostatic pressure will exert against the wall, together with uplift pressures along the base of the wall. Even when there is no water in direct contact with the wall, such as when adequate drainage is provided, there is an increased pressure on the wall due to the increased earth pressure. The effect of water behind the wall is significant; the total force may be more than double that applied for dry backfill. Many recorded wall failures can be attributed to the presence of water.
The height to which water can rise in the backfill, and the volume of flow, are both of prime concern.
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