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Continuous settlement by Europeans began in and Salem would become one of the most significant seaports in early American history. Much of the city's cultural identity reflects its role as the location of the infamous Salem witch trials of , as featured in Arthur Miller 's The Crucible.

Police cars are adorned with witch logos, a public elementary school is known as Witchcraft Heights, and the Salem High School athletic teams are named the Witches. Gallows Hill was originally believed to be the site of numerous public hangings and is currently a park used as a playing field for various sports.

Salem is located at the mouth of the Naumkeag River at the former site of a Native American village and trading center. Colonists settled the area in when a company of fishermen [13] arrived from Cape Ann led by Roger Conant. Conant's leadership provided the stability to survive the first two years, but John Endecott replaced him by order of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted acres 0.

These "New Planters" and the "Old Planters" [13] [14] agreed to cooperate, in large part due to the diplomacy of Conant and Endecott. In , Endecott was one of the signers on the building contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town House Square for the first church in Salem.

This document remains part of the town records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life.

One of the most widely known aspects of Salem is its history of witchcraft allegations which started with Abigail Williams , Betty Parris , and their friends playing with a Venus glass mirror and egg. The infamous Salem witch trials began in , and 19 people were executed by hanging as a result of the false accusations; Giles Corey was pressed to death for refusing to plead innocent or guilty, thus avoiding the noose and instead dying an innocent man.

William Hathorne was a prosperous businessman in early Salem and became one of its leading citizens. He led troops to victory in King Philip's War , served as a magistrate on the highest court, and was chosen as the first speaker of the House of Deputies. He was a zealous advocate of the personal rights of freemen against royal emissaries and agents. Judge Hathorne is the best known of the witch trial judges, and he became known as the "Hanging Judge" for sentencing accused witches to death.

On February 26, , patriots raised the drawbridge at the North River on North Street, preventing British Colonel Alexander Leslie and his troops of the 64th Regiment of Foot from seizing stores and ammunition hidden in North Salem.

Both parties came to an agreement and no blood was shed that day, but war broke out at Lexington and Concord soon after. A group of prominent merchants with ties to Salem published a statement retracting what some interpreted as Loyalist leanings and professing their dedication to the American cause, including Francis Cabot, [32] William Pynchon, Thomas Barnard, E. Holyoke, and William Pickman.

During the American Revolutionary War , the town became a center for privateering. The documentation is incomplete, but about 1, Letters of Marque were granted during that time, issued on a per-voyage basis. Nearly vessels were commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about British ships. Following the American Revolution , many ships used as privateers were too large for short voyages in the coasting trade, [35] and their owners determined to open new avenues of trade to distant countries.

The young men of the town, fresh from service on the armed ships of Salem, were eager to embark in such ventures. Cleveland were not yet twenty years old when they set sail on a nineteen-month voyage that was perhaps the first from the newly independent America to the East Indies. In , Captain Jonathan Carnes set sail for Sumatra in the Malay Archipelago on his secret voyage for pepper ; nothing was heard from him until eighteen months later, when he entered with a cargo of pepper in bulk, the first to be so imported into the country, and which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent.

By , Salem had become the sixth largest city in the country, and a world-famous seaport �particularly in the China Trade , along with exporting codfish to Europe and the West Indies , importing sugar and molasses from the West Indies , tea from China, and products depicted on the city seal from the East Indies � in particular Sumatran pepper. The neutrality of the United States was tested during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Chesapeake�Leopard affair , President Thomas Jefferson was faced with a decision to make regarding the situation at hand.

In the end, he chose an economic option: the Embargo Act of Jefferson essentially closed all the ports overnight, putting a damper on the seaport town of Salem. The embargo of was the starting point on the path to the War of with Great Britain. Both Great Britain and France imposed trade restrictions in order to weaken each other's economies.

This also had the effect of disrupting American trade and testing the United States' neutrality. As time went on, harassment of American ships by the British Navy increased. This included impressment and seizures of American men and goods. The Salem�India Story by Vanita Shastri narrates the adventures of the Salem seamen who connected the far corners of the globe through trade. This period � marks the beginning of U. It reveals the global trade connections that Salem had established with faraway lands, which were a source of livelihood and prosperity for many.

Charles Endicott, master of Salem merchantman Friendship , returned in to report Sumatran natives had plundered his ship, murdering the first officer and two crewmen. This also led to the mission of diplomatist Edmund Roberts , who negotiated a treaty with Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman on September 21, The Old China Trade left a significant mark in two historic districts, Chestnut Street District , part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing buildings, and the Salem Maritime National Historic Site , consisting of 12 historic structures and about 9 acres 36, m 2 of land along the waterfront in Salem.

Elias Hasket Derby was among the wealthiest and most celebrated of post-Revolutionary merchants in Salem. Derby was also the owner of the Grand Turk, the first New England vessel to trade directly with China and second to sail from the United States after the Empress of China.

Thomas H. Perkins was his supercargo and established strong ties with the Chinese and garnered the Forbes fortune through his illegal opium sales. Salem was incorporated as a city on March 23, , [41] and adopted a city seal in with the motto " Divitis Indiae usque ad ultimum sinum ", Latin for "To the rich East Indies until the last lap. He worked in the U. Customs House across the street from the port [42] near Pickering Wharf, his setting for the beginning of The Scarlet Letter.

In , an amusement park was established at Juniper Point, a peninsula jutting into the harbor. Prosperity left the city with a wealth of fine architecture, including Federal-style mansions designed by one of America's first architects , Samuel McIntire, for whom the city's largest historic district is named.

These homes and mansions now comprise the greatest concentrations of notable pre domestic structures in the United States. Shipping declined throughout the 19th century. Salem and its silting harbor were increasingly eclipsed by nearby Boston and New York City.

Consequently, the city turned to manufacturing. Industries included tanneries , shoe factories, and the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company. More than homes were destroyed in the Great Salem Fire of , leaving 3, families homeless from a blaze that began in the Korn Leather Factory at 57 Boston Street. The historic concentration of Federal architecture on Chestnut Street were spared from destruction by fire, in which they still exist to this day.

A memorial plaque currently exists where the Korn Leather Factory once stood, on what is now a Walgreens store. Search and rescue , hunting for derelicts , and medical evacuations were the station's primary areas of responsibility.

During its first year of operation, Salem crews performed 26 medical evacuations. They flew in all kinds of weather, and the radio direction capabilities of the aircraft were of significant value in locating vessels in distress. During World War II �45 , air crews from Salem flew neutrality patrols along the coast, and the Air Station roster grew to 37 aircraft.

Anti-submarine patrols were flown on a regular basis. The air station's missions included search and rescue, law enforcement, counting migratory waterfowl for the U. Biological Survey, and assisting icebound islands by delivering provisions. Salem Harbor was deep enough to host a seadrome with three sea lanes, offering a variety of take-off headings irrespective of wind direction unless there was a strong steady wind from the east.

This produced large waves that swept into the mouth of the harbor, making water operations difficult. When the seadrome was too rough, returning amphibian aircraft would use Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Beverly.

Salem Air Station moved to Cape Cod in In , the City of Salem finalized plans for the acre 12 ha Winter Island Park [45] and squared off against residents who are against bringing two power generating windmills to the tip of Winter Island. The nearly acre park has been open to the public since the early s. In , a master plan was developed with help from the planning and design firm, Cecil Group of Boston and Bioengineering Group of Salem.

This is a very important project since Fort Pickering guarded Salem Harbor as far back as the 17th century. In , the first muster was held on Salem Common , where for the first time a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area, [51] thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard.

The colonists adopted the English militia system, which obligated all males between the ages of 16 and 60 to possess arms and participate in the defense of the community. National Guard. Peter's Episcopal Church, where the body of their founder, Stephen Abbott, is buried. They lay a wreath, play " Taps " and fire a gun salute.

In another annual commemoration, soldiers gather at Old Salem Armory to honor soldiers who were killed in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. On April 14, , Salem celebrated the th anniversary of the first muster on Salem Common, with more than 1, troops taking part in ceremonies and a parade.

McIntire was one of the first architects in the United States, and his work represents a prime example of early Federal-style architecture. Elias Hasket Derby , Salem's wealthiest merchant and thought to be America's first millionaire, and his wife, Elizabeth Crowninshield , purchased the set of eight chairs from McIntire.

The Samuel McIntire Historic District is one of the largest concentrations of 17th and 18th century domestic structures in America.

Sampler needlework made in Salem in Art Institute of Chicago textile collection. Salem lies on Massachusetts Bay between Salem Harbor, which divides the city from much of neighboring Marblehead to the southeast, and Beverly Harbor, which divides the city from Beverly along with the Danvers River, which feeds into the harbor.

The city is further divided by Collins Cove and the inlet to the North River. The Forest River flows through the south end of town, along with Strong Water Brook, which feeds Spring Pond at the town's southwest corner. The town has several parks, as well as conservation land along the Forest River and Camp Lion, which lies east of Spring Pond. The city is divided by its natural features into several small neighborhoods. The Salem Neck neighborhood lies northeast of downtown, and North Salem lies to the west of it, on the other side of the North River.

Downtown Salem lies 15 miles 24 km northeast of Boston , 16 miles 26 km southwest of Gloucester and Cape Ann , and 19 miles 31 km southeast of Lawrence , the other county seat of Essex County. Salem is bordered by Beverly to the north, Danvers to the northwest, Peabody to the west, Lynn to the south, Swampscott to the southeast, and Marblehead to the southeast.

The town's water rights extend along a channel into Massachusetts Bay between the water rights of Marblehead and Beverly. The connection between Salem and Beverly is made across the Danvers River and Beverly Harbor by three bridges, the Kernwood Bridge to the west, and a railroad bridge and the Essex Bridge, from the land between Collins Cove and the North River, to the east.


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