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There are also private colleges further south in the Willamette Valley. Salem is home to two private schools: Willamette University the state's oldest, established during the provisional period and Corban University. The state's second medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest , is located in Lebanon. From the s to the s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win-loss record and attendance. The Timbers have a strong following, with the team regularly selling out its games.
The Thorns, who also play at Providence Park, have won two league championships, in the inaugural season and also in , and have been by far the NWSL's attendance leader in each of the league's seasons.
Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in and , [] winning a third in ; [] and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in and From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 April This article is about the State of Oregon. For other uses, see Oregon disambiguation. State of the United States of America. State in the United States. Alis volat propriis English: She flies with her own wings.
Mount Hood [1] [2] [3]. Pacific Ocean [2]. Flag of Oregon. Main article: Oregon toponym. See also: List of regions of Oregon. Main article: Climate of Oregon. Main article: History of Oregon. Further information: List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon. Largest cities or towns in Oregon Source: [90]. See also: Government of Oregon. Main article: Politics of Oregon.
See also: Political party strength in Oregon. Democratic Party. Republican Party. Main article: Economy of Oregon. See also: Oregon locations by per capita income. See also: List of freshwater fishes of Oregon. See also: Tourism near Portland and Tourism in Portland. Main article: List of hospitals in Oregon. See also: List of people from Oregon ; List of people from Portland, Oregon ; and Oregon locations by per capita income.
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PMID Archived PDF from the original on September 11, Retrieved June 12, Archived PDF from the original on February 14, Archived PDF from the original on June 3, Retrieved May 7, Archived PDF from the original on February 1, Retrieved December 21, Retrieved April 1, April 21, Archived from the original PDF on June 15, Retrieved August 18, April Archived from the original on May 17, Retrieved August 25, Retrieved November 6, Archived from the original on March 26, Oregon Profile.
Daily Emerald. Eugene, OR. June 29, Retrieved February 5, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. October 8, Archived from the original on September 20, Retrieved December 7, Retrieved December 8, Archived from the original on December 7, Archived from the original on February 14, The Paleozoic rocks are draped over four underlying tectonic structures: the Illinois Basin to the southwest, the Michigan Basin to the northeast, and an arch running northwest to southeast that is called the Kankakee Arch on the north and the Cincinnati Arch on the south.
The arches have lifted the layer-cake of rocks so that the younger beds have eroded away to reveal the older rocks beneath: Ordovician about million years old in the Cincinnati Arch and Silurian, not quite so old, in the Kankakee Arch. The two basins preserve rocks as young as Mississippian in the Michigan Basin and Pennsylvanian, youngest of all at about million years, in the Illinois Basin.
All of these rocks represent shallow seas and, in the youngest rocks, coal swamps. Indiana produces coal, petroleum, gypsum and huge amounts of stone.
Indiana limestone is widely used in buildings, for instance in Washington DC's landmarks. Its limestone is also used in cement production and its dolostone dolomite rock for crushed stone. See a gallery of Indiana geological attractions. Iowa's gentle landscape and deep soils hide almost all of its bedrock, but drillholes and excavations will reveal rocks like these.
Only in Iowa's far northeast, in the "Paleozoic Plateau" along the Mississippi River, do you find bedrock and fossils and the other delights of the eastern and western states. There's also a tiny bit of ancient Precambrian quartzite in the extreme northwest. For the rest of the state, this map has been constructed from outcrops along riverbanks and many boreholes. Iowa's bedrock ranges in age from Cambrian tan in the northeast corner through Ordovician peach , Silurian lilac , Devonian blue-gray , Mississippian light blue and Pennsylvanian gray , a period of some million years.
Much younger rocks of Cretaceous age green date from the days when a wide seaway stretched from here into Colorado. Iowa is solidly in the midst of the continental platform, where shallow seas and gentle floodplains usually lie, laying down limestone and shale. Today's conditions are definitely an exception, thanks to all the water drawn out of the sea to build the polar ice caps. But for many millions of years, Iowa looked much like Louisiana or Florida does today.
One notable interruption in that peaceable history occurred about 74 million years ago when a large comet or asteroid struck, leaving behind a kilometer feature in Calhoun and Pocahontas counties called the Manson Impact Structure.
It's invisible at the surface�only gravity surveys and subsurface drilling have confirmed its presence. For a while, the Manson impact was a candidate for the event that ended the Cretaceous Period, but now we believe that the Yucatan crater is the real culprit. The wide green line marks the southern limit of continental glaciation during the late Pleistocene. The map of surface deposits in Iowa shows a far different picture of this state. Kansas is largely flat, but it straddles a wide variety of geology.
In The Wizard of Oz , L. Frank Baum chose Kansas as the symbol of dry, flat dreariness except for the tornado of course. But dry and flat are only part of this quintessential Great Plains state. River beds, forested plateaus, coal country, cactus-covered buttes, and stony glacial moraines can also be found around Kansas. Kansas bedrock is old in the east blue and purple and young in the west green and gold , with a long gap in age between them.
The eastern section is late Paleozoic, beginning with a small portion of the Ozark Plateau where rocks date from Mississippian times, about million years old. Rocks of Pennsylvanian purple and Permian light blue age overlie them, reaching to about million years ago.
They are a thick set of limestones, shales and sandstones typical of Paleozoic sections all across the middle of North America, with beds of rock salt as well.
The western section begins with Cretaceous rocks green , some to 80 million years old. They consist of sandstone, limestone and chalk.
Younger rocks of Tertiary age red-brown represent a huge blanket of coarse sediment washing down from the rising Rocky Mountains, punctuated by beds of widespread volcanic ash. This wedge of sedimentary rocks was subsequently eroded in the last few million years; these sediments are shown in yellow. The light tan areas represent large fields of sand dunes that are grass-covered and inactive today. In the northeast, continental glaciers left behind thick deposits of gravel and sediment that they carried down from the north; the dashed line represent the glacier's limit.
Every part of Kansas is full of fossils. It's a great place to learn geology. The GeoKansas site of the Kansas Geological Survey has excellent resources for more detail, photos and destination notes. I have made a version of this map x pixels, KB that includes the key to the rock units and a profile across the state.
Kentucky extends from the inland side of the Appalachian Mountains on the east to the Mississippi River bed on the west. Kentucky's coverage of geologic time is spotty, having gaps in the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic periods, and no rocks older than Ordovician dark rose are exposed anywhere in the state.
Its rocks are mostly sedimentary, laid down in warm, shallow seas that have covered the central North American plate throughout most of its history. Kentucky's oldest rocks crop out in a wide, gentle uplift in the north called the Jessamine Dome, a particularly high part of the Cincinnati Arch. Younger rocks, including thick deposits of coal laid down during later periods, have been eroded away, but Silurian and Devonian rocks lilac persist around the edges of the dome.
The coal measures of the American Midwest are so thick that the rocks known as the Carboniferous Series elsewhere in the world are subdivided by American geologists into the Mississippian blue and Pennsylvanian dun and gray.
In Kentucky, these coal-bearing rocks are thickest in the gentle downwarps of the Appalachian Basin on the east and the Illinois Basin on the west. Younger sediments yellow and green , starting from the late Cretaceous, occupy the Mississippi River valley and the banks of the Ohio River along the northwestern border. The west end of Kentucky is in the New Madrid seismic zone and has a significant earthquake hazard.
The Kentucky Geological Survey Web site has much more detail, including a simplified, clickable version of the state geologic map. Louisiana is entirely made of Mississippi mud, and its surface rocks go back some 50 million years. As the seas rose and fell over Louisiana, some version of the Mississippi River was carrying vast sediment loads here from the core of the North American continent and piling it on the rim of the Gulf of Mexico. Organic matter from highly productive marine waters has been deeply buried under the whole state and far offshore, turning into petroleum.
During other dry periods, large beds of salt were laid down through evaporation. As a result of oil company exploration, Louisiana may be better known underground than on its surface, which is closely guarded by swamp vegetation, kudzu, and fire ants. The oldest deposits in Louisiana date from the Eocene Epoch, marked by the darkest gold color. Narrow strips of younger rocks crop out along their southern edge, dating from Oligocene light tan and Miocene dark tan times.
The speckled yellow pattern marks areas of Pliocene rocks of terrestrial origin, older versions of the wide Pleistocene terraces lightest yellow that cover southern Louisiana. The older outcrops dip downward toward the sea owing to the steady subsidence of the land, and the coast is very young indeed.
You can see how much the Holocene alluvium of the Mississippi River gray covers the state. The Holocene represents only the latest 10, years of Earth history, and in the 2 million years of Pleistocene time before that the river has wandered over the whole coastal region many times.
Human engineering has temporarily tamed the river, most of the time, and it's no longer dumping its sediment all over the place. As a result, coastal Louisiana is sinking out of sight, starved of fresh material.
This is not permanent country. Aside from its mountains, Maine reveals its enigmatic bedrock only along the rock-bound coast. The bedrock of Maine is hard to find, except along the coast and in the mountains. Almost all of the state is covered with glacial deposits of recent age here's the surface geologic map. And the rock beneath has been deeply buried and metamorphosed, bearing almost no details of the time when it first formed. Like a badly worn coin, only gross outlines are clear.
There are a few very old Precambrian rocks in Maine, but the state's history basically begins with activity in the Iapetus Ocean, where the Atlantic lies today, during the Late Proterozoic Era. Plate-tectonic activity similar to what's occurring in southern Alaska today pushed microplates onto the Maine shore, deforming the region into mountain ranges and spawning volcanic activity. This happened in three major pulses or orogenies during Cambrian to Devonian times.
The two belts of brown and salmon, one at the extreme tip and the other starting at the northwest corner, represent rocks of the Penobscottian orogeny. Nearly all the rest represents the combined Taconic and Acadian orogenies. At the same time as these mountain-building episodes, bodies of granite and similar plutonic rocks rose from below, shown as light-colored blobs with random patterns.
The whole eastern American seaboard must have resembled today's Himalaya. Surface sediments from the Acadian event occur as the great fossil-bearing shales and limestones of upstate New York to the west.
The million years since then have mainly been a time of erosion. Around million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean opened up. Stretch marks from that event occur in Connecticut and New Jersey to the southwest. In Maine only more plutons remain from that time. As the land of Maine eroded, the rocks beneath continued to rise in response.
So today the bedrock of Maine represents conditions at great depths, up to 15 kilometers, and the state is noteworthy among collectors for its high-grade metamorphic minerals.
More details of Maine's geologic history can be found in this overview page by the Maine Geological Survey. Maryland is a small state whose surprising variety of geology encompasses all the major geologic zones of the eastern United States. Maryland's territory stretches from the Atlantic coastal plain on the east, just recently emerged from the sea, to the Allegheny Plateau on the west, the far side of the Appalachian Mountains.
Parts of the British Isles have these same rocks, because before the Atlantic Ocean opened in the Triassic Period, it and North America were part of one continent. Chesapeake Bay, the large arm of the sea in eastern Maryland, is a classic drowned river valley and one of the nation's preeminent wetlands. You can learn more detail about Maryland geology at the state geological survey site, where this map is presented in county-sized chunks at full fidelity. This map was published by the Maryland Geological Survey in The Massachusetts region has been ridden hard Coastal Landscapes Definition Rate over the course of the ages, from continental collisions to glacial overrides.
Massachusetts consists of several terranes, large packages of crust with the rocks that accompany them�that have been carried here from different places by the interactions of ancient continents. The westernmost part is the least disturbed. It contains limestone and mudstone from the seas near the ancient Taconic mountain-building episode orogeny , crumpled and uplifted by later events but not appreciably metamorphosed.
Its eastern edge is a major fault called Cameron's Line. The middle of the state is the Iapetus terrane, oceanic volcanic rocks that erupted during the opening of a pre-Atlantic ocean in the early Paleozoic.
The rest, to the east of a line running from roughly the west corner of Rhode Island to the northeastern coast, is the Avalonian terrane. It is a former chunk of Gondwanaland. Both the Taconian and Iapetus terranes are shown with dotted patterns that signify significant "overprints" of later metamorphism. Both terranes were sutured to North America during a collision with Baltica, which closed the Iapetus ocean during the Devonian.
Large bodies of granite random pattern represent magmas that once fed great volcano chains. At that time Massachusetts probably resembled southern Europe, which is undergoing a similar collision with Africa. Today we are looking at rocks that were once deeply buried, and most traces of their original nature, including any fossils, have been wiped out by metamorphism. During the Triassic the ocean we know today as the Atlantic opened up.
One of the initial cracks ran through Massachusetts and Connecticut, filling with lava flows and redbeds dark green. Dinosaur tracks occur in these rocks. Another Triassic rift zone is in New Jersey. For more than million years after that, little happened here. During the Pleistocene ice ages, the state was scrubbed by a continental ice sheet. The sand and gravel created and carried off by the glaciers formed Cap Cod and the islands Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.
See a gallery of Massachusetts geological attractions. Many local geologic maps in Massachusetts are available for free download from the Office of the Massachusetts State Geologist. Michigan's bedrock is not very widely exposed, so you should take this bedrock map with a grain of salt. Much of Michigan is covered with glacial drift�ground-up Canadian rocks bulldozed onto Michigan and much of the rest of the northern United States by several Ice Age continental glaciers, like the ones that rest on Antarctica and Greenland today.
Those glaciers also excavated and filled the Great Lakes that today make Michigan two peninsulas. Beneath that blanket of sediment, the Lower Peninsula is a geologic basin, the Michigan Basin, that has been occupied by shallow seas for most of the last million years as it slowly warped downward under the weight of its sediments.
The central part filled in last, its shale and limestone dating from the Late Jurassic Period around million years ago. Its outer rim exposes successively older rocks going back to the Cambrian million years ago and beyond on the Upper Peninsula. The rest of the Upper Peninsula is a cratonic upland of very ancient rocks from as long ago as Archean times, nearly 3 billion years ago.
These rocks include the iron formations that have supported the American steel industry for many decades and continue to be the nation's second-largest producer of iron ore. Minnesota is America's premier state for exposures of extremely old Precambrian rocks.
North America's heart, between the Appalachians and the great western cordillera, is a great thickness of very old highly metamorphosed rock, called the craton. In most of this part of the United States the craton is hidden by a blanket of younger sedimentary rocks, accessible only by drilling.
In Minnesota, as in much of neighboring Canada, that blanket is gone and the craton is considered exposed as part of the Canadian Shield. However, actual bedrock outcrops are few because Minnesota has a young veneer of ice-age sediment laid down by continental glaciers in Pleistocene times. North of its waist, Minnesota is almost entirely cratonic rock of Precambrian age.
The very oldest rocks are in the southwest purple and date back some 3. Next come the large Superior Province in the north tan and red-brown , the Anamikie Group in the center blue-gray , the Sioux Quartzite in the southwest brown and the Keweenawan Province, a rift zone, in the northeast tan and green.
The activities that built and arranged these rocks are ancient history indeed. Lapping onto the edges of the shield on the northwest and southeast are sedimentary rocks of Cambrian beige , Ordovician salmon and Devonian age gray. A later rise of the sea left more sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age green in the southwest. But the map also shows the traces of the underlying Precambrian units.
Above all of this lie glacial deposits. The Minnesota Geological Survey has many, many more-detailed geologic maps available in scans. Geologically, the state of Mississippi is dominated by the Mississippi Embayment along its western sidenot the Mississippi River.
This is a deep trough or thin spot in the North American continent where a new ocean tried to form once upon a time, cracking the crustal plate and leaving it weakened ever since. Such a structure is also called an aulacogen "aw-LACK-o-gen". The Mississippi River has run down the embayment ever since.
As the seas have risen and fallen over geologic time, the river and the sea have combined to fill the trough with sediment, and the trough has sagged under the weight.
Thus the rocks that line the Mississipi Embayment are bent downward in its midsection and exposed along its edges, older the farther east you go. In only two places are there deposits not related to the embayment: along the Gulf coast, where short-lived sandbars and lagoons are regularly swept away and sculpted by hurricanes, and in the extreme northeast where a tiny edge is exposed of the continental platform deposits that dominate the Midwest.
The most distinctive landforms in Mississippi arise along the stripes of rocks. Gently dipping strata that are harder than the rest are left by erosion as low, level ridges, broken off steeply on one face and ramping gently into the ground on the other. These are called cuestas. Missouri is a gentle state with a terrifying earthquake in its history. Missouri contains the largest of the gentle arches in the American midcontinent�the Ozark Plateau.
It has the the largest outcrop area of Ordovician-age rocks in the country beige. Younger rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age blue and light green occur to the north and west. On a small dome at the east end of the plateau, rocks of Precambrian age are exposed in the St. Francois Mountains. The southeast corner of the state lies in the Mississippi Embayment, an ancient zone of weakness in the North American plate where once a rift valley threatened to turn into a young ocean.
Here, in the winter of �12, a terrible series of earthquakes rolled through the thinly inhabited country around New Madrid County. The New Madrid quakes are thought to be the most severe seismic event in American history, and research into their cause and effects continues today.
Northern Missouri is carpeted with Ice Age deposits of Pleistocene age. These consist mostly of till, the mixed debris lifted and dropped by glaciers, and loess, thick deposits of windblown dust that are known around the world as excellent farming soils. Montana is an enormous state; luckily this map, produced by the Department of Earth Sciences at Montana State University from the official map of , is simplified enough to be presentable on a monitor.
And with the larger versions of this map you get Yellowstone National Park thrown in as a bonus, a unique area where an active hot spot is pushing fresh magma through a thick continental plate. Just to its north is the famous Stillwater Complex, a thick body of platinum-bearing plutonic rocks. Other notable features in Montana are the glaciated country in the north, from Glacier International Park in the west to the windswept plains in the east, and the great Precambrian Belt complex in the Rockies.
Nebraska is old in the east and young in the west. Along the eastern edge of Nebraska, defined by the Missouri River, is ancient sedimentary rock of Pennsylvanian gray and Permian blue age. The famous coals of Pennsylvanian rocks are almost absent here. Cretaceous rocks green occur mainly in the east, but also are exposed in the valleys of the Missouri and Niobrara rivers in the north, the White River in the extreme northwest and the Republican River in the south.
Almost all of these are marine rocks, laid down in shallow seas. The majority of the state is of Tertiary Cenozoic age and terrigenous origin. A few slivers of Oligocene rocks crop out in the west, as do larger areas of Miocene pale tan , but most is of Pliocene age yellow. The Oligocene and Miocene rocks are freshwater lake beds ranging from limestone to sandstone, the sediment derived from the rising Rockies to the west.
They include large volcanic ash beds from eruptions in present-day Nevada and Idaho. The Pliocene rocks are sandy and limy deposits; the Sand Hills in the west-central part of the state derive from these. The thick green lines in the east mark the western limit of the great Pleistocene glaciers.
In these areas glacial till overlies the old rock: blue clay, then thick beds of loose gravel and boulders, with occasional buried soils where once forests grew. Nevada is unique. Consider the Himalaya region, where two continents are colliding and creating an area of very thick crust.
Nevada is the opposite, where a continent is stretching apart and leaving the crust exceptionally thin. Between the Sierra Nevada to the west in California and the Wasatch Range in Utah to the east, the crust has been extended by some 50 percent over the last 40 million years.
In the upper crust, the brittle surface rocks broke into long blocks, while in the hotter, softer lower crust there was more plastic deformation, allowing these blocks to tilt. The upward-tilting parts of the blocks are mountain ranges and the downward-tilting parts are basins. These filled with sediments, topped with dry lake beds and playas in the arid climate. The mantle responded to the crustal extension by melting and expanding and lifted Nevada into a plateau more than a kilometer high.
Volcanism and magma intrusions covered the state deep in lava and ash, also injecting hot fluids in many places to leave metal ores behind. All this, coupled with spectacular rock exposures, makes Nevada a hard-rock geologist's paradise.
Northern Nevada's young volcanic deposits are associated with the Yellowstone hotspot track, running from Washington to Wyoming. Southwestern Nevada is where the most crustal extension is occurring these days, along with recent volcanism. The Walker Lane, a wide zone of tectonic activity, parallels the diagonal border with southern California. Before this period of extension, Nevada was a convergent zone similar to South America or Kamchatka today with an oceanic plate sweeping in from the west and being subducted.
Exotic terranes rode in on this plate and slowly built the land of California. In Nevada, large bodies of rock moved eastward in great thrust sheets on several occasions during Paleozoic and Mesozoic time. New Hampshire was once like the Alps, thick sediment sequences, volcanic deposits, bodies of granitic rocks pushed up by plate collisions. Half a billion years ago, New Hampshire lay on the edge of the continent as a new ocean basin opened and then closed nearby.
That ocean was not today's Atlantic but an ancestor named Iapetus, and as it closed the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of New Hampshire were thrusted and kneaded and heated until they became schist, gneiss, phyllite, and quartzite. The heat came from intrusions of granite and its cousin diorite. All this history took place in the Paleozoic Era from to million years ago, which accounts for the traditional dense, saturated colors used on the map.
The green, blue, and purplish areas are the metamorphic rocks, and the warm colors are the granites. The general fabric of the state runs parallel to the rest of the mountain ranges of the eastern United States.
The yellow blobs are later intrusions related to the opening of the Atlantic, mostly during the Triassic, around million years ago. From then until nearly the present, the history of the state was one of erosion. The Pleistocene ice ages brought deep glaciers to the whole state.
A surface geologic map, showing the glacial deposits and landforms, would look very different from this one. I have two apologies. First, I left off the tiny Isles of Shoals, which sit offshore past the lower right corner of the state. They look like dirt specks, and they're too small to show any color. Second, I apologize to my old professor Wally Bothner, the map's first author, for the mistakes I've surely made interpreting this map.
New Jersey is sharply divided on this geologic map, but it's an accident of geography. New Jersey has two rather different regions. The south half of the state is on the low, flat-lying Atlantic coastal plain, and the north half is in the ancient folded Appalachian mountain chain. In fact they fit together very well, but the course of the Delaware River, which establishes the state border, cuts across and along the grain of the rocks giving the state its chunky shape. At New Jersey's northwest edge in Warren County, the river makes an especially impressive water gap , cutting through a high ridge of tough conglomerate.
Geologists have shown that the river once took the same course in a flat landscape high above today's, with older mountains buried in a thick layer of younger sediment. As erosion removed this sediment layer the river cut down across the buried mountains, not through them.
The state is rich in fossils, and the thick basalt intrusions bright red of Jurassic age are well known among mineral collectors. The state contains coal and metal ores that were extensively exploited from colonial times until the early 20th century. The green-and-red oval marks a region where the crust split during the initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean. A similar feature is in Connecticut and Massachusetts.
New Mexico extends over several different geologic provinces, ensuring it a great variety of rocks. New Mexico is a large state with a wide variety of geologic and tectonic features, fairly easy to read from this map if you know the traditional map colors and a bit of regional geology.
The Mesozoic rocks in the northwest green mark the Colorado Plateau, topped by some younger strata indicated with orange. Yellow and cream areas on the east are young sediments washed off the Southern Rockies. Similar young sedimentary rocks fill the Rio Grande Rift, a failed spreading center or aulacogen. This narrow would-be ocean basin runs up the left-center of the state with the Rio Grande flowing down its middle, exposing the Paleozoic blues and Precambrian dark brown rocks on its uplifted flanks.
The reds and tan indicate younger volcanic rocks associated with the rifting. The large swath of light blue-violet marks where the great Permian Basin of Texas continues into the state. Younger sediments of the Great Plains cover the whole eastern edge. And a bit of basin-and-range terrain appears in the extreme southwest, wide dry basins choked with coarse sediments eroded from the blocks of uplifted older rocks.
The state geologic bureau publishes a giant state geologic map and also has virtual tours for deeper detail about New Mexico. New York is full of interest for all kinds of geologists. This thumb-sized version of New York is from a publication by several state government agencies click it for a much larger version.
At this scale only the gross features are apparent: the grand sweep of the western state's classic Paleozoic section, the gnarled ancient rocks of the northern mountains, the north-south stripe of folded Appalachian strata along the eastern border, and the huge glacial sediment deposit of Long Island. The New York Geological Survey issued this map, along with much explanatory text and two cross sections.
The Adirondack Mountains in the north are part of the ancient Canadian Shield. The wide set of flat-lying sedimentary rocks in western and central New York are part of the North American heartland, laid down in shallow seas between Cambrian blue and Pennsylvanian dark red times to million years ago. They grow in thickness toward the east, where high mountains raised during plate collisions were eroded.
The remnants of these alpine chains remain as the Taconic Mountains and Hudson Highlands along the eastern border. The entire state was glaciated during the ice ages, and rock debris was piled up forming Long Island. See a gallery of New York geological attractions. North Carolina runs from young eastern sediments to western rocks a billion years old. In between is a rich diversity of rocks and resources. North Carolina's oldest rocks are the metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge belt in the west tan and olive , cut off abruptly at the Brevard Fault Zone.
They are strongly altered by several episodes of folding and disruption. This region yields some industrial minerals. In the Coastal Plain in the east, younger sediments are denoted by beige or orange Tertiary, 65 to 2 million years and light yellow Quaternary, less than 2 m. In the southeast is a large area of older sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age to 65 m. All of these are little disturbed. This region is mined for sand and phosphate minerals. The Coastal Plain is home to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of the mysterious oval basins called Carolina bays.
Between the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain is a complex set of mostly metamorphosed, mostly Paleozoic rocks to m. Granite, gneiss, schist and slate are the typical rocks here. North Carolina's famous gem mines and gold district, America's first, are in the Piedmont. Exactly in the middle is a former rift valley of Triassic age to m.
Similar Triassic basins exist in states to the north, all of them made during the initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean. This is North Dakota without its surface blanket of glacial sand and gravel, which covers three-fourths of the state. The outlines of the broad Williston basin in the west are clear; these rocks brown and purple all date from Tertiary times younger than 65 million years.
The rest, starting with the light blue, make up a thick Cretaceous section to 65 million years covering the eastern half of the state. A narrow strip of Archean basement, billions of years old, with a few stray blobs of much younger Ordovician pink and Jurassic green rocks, spills across the border from Minnesota.
Ohio is rich in rocks and fossils, just not at the surface. Underneath a widespread cover of young glacial sediment laid down in the last million years, Ohio is underlain by sedimentary rocks older than million years: mostly limestone and shale, laid down in gentle, shallow seas. The oldest rocks are of Ordovician age about million years , in the southwest; overlying them in a sweep over to the southeast border are in order Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks.
All are rich in fossils. Deep beneath these rocks is the far more ancient core of the North American continent, sloping away to the Illinois Basin to the southwest, the Michigan basin to the northwest, and the Appalachian Basin to the east.
The part that isn't sloping, in the western half of the state, is the Ohio Platform, buried some 2 kilometers deep. The thick green lines mark the southern limit of continental glaciation during the Pleistocene ice ages. On the north side, very little bedrock is exposed at the surface, and our knowledge is based on boreholes, excavations and geophysical evidence. Ohio produces a great deal of coal and petroleum as well as other mineral products such as gypsum and aggregate.
Find more geologic maps of Ohio at the Ohio Geological Survey website. Oklahoma is a Great Plains state, but its geology is anything but plain. Oklahoma resembles other Midwestern states in having Paleozoic sedimentary rocks folded up against the ancient Appalachian mountain belt, only the mountain belt runs east-west. The small colorful areas in the south and the deeply folded area in the southeast are, from west to east, the Wichita, Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains.
These represent a western extension of the Appalachians that also appears in Texas. The westward sweep of gray to blue represents sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian to Permian age, most of them laid down in shallow seas. In the northeast is part of the uplifted Ozark Plateau, which preserves older rocks of Mississippian down to Devonian age.
The strip of green in southernmost Oklahoma represents Cretaceous-age rocks from a later incursion of the sea. And in the western panhandle are still younger layers of rock debris that were shed from the rising Rockies in Tertiary time, after 50 million years ago.
These have been eroded in more recent time to reveal deep-seated older rocks in the farthest west end of the state in the High Plains. Learn much more about Oklahoma's geology at the Oklahoma Geological Survey site. Oregon is the most volcanic state in the continental United States, but that's not all. Oregon is a mostly volcanic state, thanks to its position at the edge of the North American crustal plate where a small oceanic plate, the Juan de Fuca plate and others before it , is being subducted beneath it from the west.
This activity creates fresh magma which rises and erupts in the Cascade Range, represented by the stripe of medium-red in the western part of Oregon. To its west are more volcanics plus marine sediments from episodes when the crust was lower and the sea higher. Older rocks not quite covered by volcanic deposits are found in the Blue Hills of northeastern Oregon and in the northern Klamath Mountains in the extreme southwest, a continuation of the California Coast Ranges.
Eastern Oregon is divided between two large features. The southern part is in the Basin and Range province, where the continent has stretched in the east-west direction, breaking up into great blocks with intervening valleys, like the rocks of Nevada.
This high lonesome place is known as the Oregon Outback. The northern part is a vast expanse of lava, the Columbia River Basalt. These rocks were emplaced in fearsome fissure eruptions as the continent overrode the Yellowstone hotspot, during Miocene time some 15 million years ago.
The hotspot has torched its way across southern Idaho and now sits at the corner of Wyoming and Montana beneath the geysers of Yellowstone National Park, far from dead. At the same time, another trend of volcanism led westward the darkest red and now sits at Newberry Caldera, south of Bend at the center of Oregon.
See a gallery of Oregon geological attractions. This is a scanned copy of U. King, published in Visit the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries to find more information and published products. Pennsylvania may be the quintessential Appalachian state. Pennsylvania straddles the entire Appalachian range, starting from the Atlantic coastal plain on the extreme southeast corner, where young sediments are shown in dark green Tertiary and yellow recent.
The oldest rocks Cambrian and older at the core of the Appalachians are depicted in orange, tan and pink. The green-gold strip represents a crustal trough where today's Atlantic Ocean began to open much later, in Triassic and Jurassic time. The red is thick intrusions of basalt. To the west, the rocks grow progressively younger and less folded as the full range of the Paleozoic Era is represented from the orange Cambrian through the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian, to the greenish-blue Permian basin in the southwest corner.
All these rocks are full of fossils, and rich coal beds occur in western Pennsylvania. The American petroleum industry began in western Pennsylvania, where natural oil seeps were exploited for many years in the Devonian rocks of the Allegheny River valley.
The first well in the United States drilled specifically for oil was in Titusville, in Crawford County near the northwest corner of the state, in Soon afterward began America's first oil boom, and the region is littered with historic sites. See a gallery of Pennsylvania geological attractions. Also, You can also get that map and many others from the state Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
Rhode Island is part of an ancient island, Avalonia, that joined North America long ago. The smallest state, Rhode Island has been lovingly mapped at , scale.
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