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In , the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19 per cent of its electricity. All but one of the reactors will be retired by Unlike Germany and Japan, the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about The total of all renewable electricity sources provided for Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal. It is estimated that In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies.
In Scotland water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company, Scottish Water. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, Northern Ireland Water. A census is taken simultaneously in all parts of the UK every 10 years. In mid and mid net long-term international migration contributed more to population growth. In mid and mid natural change contributed the most to population growth. England's population in was 53 million.
Greater Manchester Urban Area. West Yorkshire Urban Area. Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be descended from the various ethnic groups that settled there before the 12th century: the Celts , Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the Normans. Welsh people could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK. The UK has a history of non-white immigration with Liverpool having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the s during the period of the African slave trade.
During this period it is estimated the Afro-Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10, to 15, [] which later declined due to the abolition of slavery. By this number had more than quadrupled to ,, just over 0. Since substantial immigration from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire. Academics have argued that the ethnicity categories employed in British national statistics, which were first introduced in the census , involve confusion between the concepts of ethnicity and race.
Because of differences in the wording of the census forms used in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, data on the Other White group is not available for the UK as a whole, but in England and Wales this was the fastest growing group between the and censuses, increasing by 1. Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. In the UK census The UK's de facto official language is English. Cornish , which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second language speakers.
Over 92, people in Scotland just under 2 per cent of the population had some Gaelic language ability, including 72 per cent of those living in the Outer Hebrides. Scots , a language descended from early northern Middle English , has limited recognition alongside its regional variant, Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland, without specific commitments to protection and promotion.
It is compulsory for pupils to study a second language up to the age of 14 in England. All pupils in Wales are either taught Welsh as a second language up to age 16, or are taught in Welsh as a first language. Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1, years.
In the census This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 per cent. In a survey conducted by BSA British Social Attitudes on religious affiliation; 53 per cent of respondents indicated ' no religion' , while 41 per cent indicated they were Christians, followed by 6 per cent who affiliated with other religions e.
Islam , Hinduism , Judaism , etc. The Church of England is the established church in England. It is not subject to state control , and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government " upon his or her accession. The United Kingdom has experienced successive waves of migration.
London held around half of this population, and other small communities existed in Manchester, Bradford and elsewhere. The German immigrant community was the largest group until , when it became second to Russian Jews. Around , settled permanently in Britain, becoming the largest ethnic minority from outside the British Isles; [] [] this population had increased to , by In the immigration net increase was , Immigration was at ,, up from , in , while the number of emigrants leaving for over a year was , Many subsequently returned home, resulting in a net increase in the number of nationals of the new member states in the UK.
Immigration is now contributing to a rising population, [] with arrivals and UK-born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between and In , approximately , foreign nationals were naturalised as British citizens, the highest number since This figure fell to around , in Between and , the average British citizenships granted annually was, In , the British Government introduced a points-based immigration system for immigration from outside the European Economic Area to replace former schemes, including the Scottish Government's Fresh Talent Initiative.
Emigration was an important feature of British society in the 19th century. Between and , around Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.
Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, with each country having a separate education system. Considering the four systems together, about 38 per cent of the United Kingdom population has a university or college degree , which is the highest percentage in Europe, and among the highest percentages in the world. A government commission 's report in found that privately educated people comprise 7 per cent of the general population of the UK but much larger percentages of the top professions, the most extreme case quoted being 71 per cent of senior judges.
In , more than 57, children were being homeschooled in the United Kingdom. Whilst education in England is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Education , the day-to-day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of local authorities. Two of the top 10 performing schools in terms of GCSE results in were state-run grammar schools. In , over half of places at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge were taken by students from state schools, [] while the proportion of children in England attending private schools is around 7 per cent, which rises to 18 per cent of those over Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning , with day-to-day administration and funding of state schools the responsibility of Local Authorities.
Two non-departmental public bodies have key roles in Scottish education. The Scottish Qualifications Authority is responsible for the development, accreditation, assessment and certification of qualifications other than degrees which are delivered at secondary schools, post-secondary colleges of further education and other centres. A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language ; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of Education in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Minister of Education , although responsibility at a local level is administered by the Education Authority which is further sub-divided into five geographical areas.
Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and each country has its own system of private and publicly funded health care. Public healthcare is provided to all UK permanent residents and is mostly free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. The World Health Organization , in , ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world.
Political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national executives ; healthcare in England is the responsibility of the UK Government; healthcare in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Executive ; healthcare in Scotland is the responsibility of the Scottish Government ; and healthcare in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government. Each National Health Service has different policies and priorities, resulting in contrasts.
The culture of the United Kingdom has been influenced by many factors including: the nation's island status; its history as a western liberal democracy and a major power; as well as being a political union of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions, customs and symbolism. As a result of the British Empire , British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies including Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and the United States; a common culture coined today as the Anglosphere.
The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led it to be described as a "cultural superpower". Most British literature is in the English language. In , some , books were published in the United Kingdom and in it was the largest publisher of books in the world. The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle the creator of Sherlock Holmes , romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott , the children's writer J.
Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance. A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin 's stories and the psychological horror-comedy of Iain Banks. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age. Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing Rhys Lewis in The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are both Thomases.
Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the midth century. He is remembered for his poetry � his " Do not go gentle into that good night ; Rage, rage against the dying of the light" is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse � and for his "play for voices", Under Milk Wood. The influential Church in Wales "poet-priest" and Welsh nationalist R.
Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in There have been a number of authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK and became British. These include Joseph Conrad , [] T. Sir Harrison Birtwistle is one of the foremost living composers.
George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem, while some of his best works, such as Messiah , were written in the English language. His works have dominated London's West End since the late 20th century and have also been a commercial success worldwide.
According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , the term " pop music " originated in Britain in the mids to describe rock and roll 's fusion with the "new youth music".
In addition, British acts developed progressive rock ; [] psychedelic rock ; [] and punk rock. The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the biggest-selling and most influential band in the history of popular music. A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide. As of , pop remains the most popular music genre in the UK with The history of British visual art forms part of western art history.
The Royal Academy in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom. The Courtauld Institute of Art is a leading centre for the teaching of the history of art. The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors Alfred Hitchcock , whose film Vertigo is considered by some critics as the best film of all time , [] and David Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all time.
Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises Harry Potter and James Bond. British cuisine developed from various influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism.
Celtic agriculture and animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for indigenous Celts and Britons. Anglo-Saxon England developed meat and savoury herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The Norman conquest introduced exotic spices into England in the Middle Ages. British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those who have settled in Britain , producing many hybrid dishes, such as the Anglo-Indian chicken tikka masala.
The BBC , founded in , is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales, respectively. In , it was estimated that individuals viewed a mean of 3. In that year the main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of 'British Empiricism', a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the ' Scottish School of Common Sense '.
Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of utilitarianism , a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. Association football , tennis , rugby union , rugby league , golf , boxing , netball , rowing and cricket originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in the late 19th century Victorian Britain.
In , the President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge , stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".
A poll found that football is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom. The English top division, the Premier League , is the most watched football league in the world. In , rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK.
Sport governing bodies in England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland organise and regulate the game separately. Cricket was invented in England, and its laws were established by the Marylebone Cricket Club in Team members are drawn from the main county sides, and include both English and Welsh players.
Cricket is distinct from football and rugby where Wales and England field separate national teams, although Wales had fielded its own team in the past. Irish and Scottish players have played for England because neither Scotland nor Ireland have Test status and have only recently started to play in One Day Internationals.
There is a professional league championship in which clubs representing 17 English counties and 1 Welsh county compete. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the s, before spreading around the world. The UK is closely associated with motorsport. Many teams and drivers in Formula One F1 are based in the UK, and the country has won more drivers' and constructors' titles than any other.
Golf is the sixth most popular sport, by participation, in the UK. Rugby league originated in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire in and is generally played in Northern England.
Super League is the highest level of professional rugby league in the UK and Europe. The 'Queensberry rules' , the code of general rules in boxing , was named after John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry in , and formed the basis of modern boxing. It was created in by the superimposition of the Flag of England on the Flag of Scotland and updated in with the addition of Saint Patrick's Flag.
Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.
Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom, originating from Roman Britain. She holds Poseidon 's three-pronged trident and a shield, bearing the Union Flag. Beside the lion and the unicorn and the dragon of heraldry, the bulldog is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Jack.
It has been associated with Winston Churchill's defiance of Nazi Germany. The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.
Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle the creator of Sherlock Holmes , romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott , the children's writer J. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance.
A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin 's stories and the psychological horror-comedy of Iain Banks. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age. Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing Rhys Lewis in The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are both Thomases.
Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the midth century. He is remembered for his poetry � his " Do not go gentle into that good night ; Rage, rage against the dying of the light" is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse � and for his "play for voices", Under Milk Wood. The influential Church in Wales "poet-priest" and Welsh nationalist R. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in There have been a number of authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK and became British.
These include Joseph Conrad , [] T. Sir Harrison Birtwistle is one of the foremost living composers. George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem, while some of his best works, such as Messiah , were written in the English language. His works have dominated London's West End since the late 20th century and have also been a commercial success worldwide.
According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , the term " pop music " originated in Britain in the mids to describe rock and roll 's fusion with the "new youth music". In addition, British acts developed progressive rock ; [] psychedelic rock ; [] and punk rock.
The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the biggest-selling and most influential band in the history of popular music. A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide.
As of , pop remains the most popular music genre in the UK with The history of British visual art forms part of western art history. The Royal Academy in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom. The Courtauld Institute of Art is a leading centre for the teaching of the history of art.
The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors Alfred Hitchcock , whose film Vertigo is considered by some critics as the best film of all time , [] and David Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all time.
Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises Harry Potter and James Bond. British cuisine developed from various influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism.
Celtic agriculture and animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for indigenous Celts and Britons. Anglo-Saxon England developed meat and savoury herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe.
The Norman conquest introduced exotic spices into England in the Middle Ages. British cuisine has absorbed the cultural Victorian Landscape Artist 70 influence of those who have settled in Britain , producing many hybrid dishes, such as the Anglo-Indian chicken tikka masala. The BBC , founded in , is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales, respectively.
In , it was estimated that individuals viewed a mean of 3. In that year the main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of 'British Empiricism', a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the ' Scottish School of Common Sense '.
Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of utilitarianism , a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. Association football , tennis , rugby union , rugby league , golf , boxing , netball , rowing and cricket originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in the late 19th century Victorian Britain.
In , the President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge , stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport.
It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum". A poll found that football is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom.
The English top division, the Premier League , is the most watched football league in the world. In , rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK. Sport governing bodies in England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland organise and regulate the game separately.
Cricket was invented in England, and its laws were established by the Marylebone Cricket Club in Team members are drawn from the main county sides, and include both English and Welsh players. Cricket is distinct from football and rugby where Wales and England field separate national teams, although Wales had fielded its own team in the past. Irish and Scottish players have played for England because neither Scotland nor Ireland have Test status and have only recently started to play in One Day Internationals.
There is a professional league championship in which clubs representing 17 English counties and 1 Welsh county compete. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the s, before spreading around the world. The UK is closely associated with motorsport. Many teams and drivers in Formula One F1 are based in the UK, and the country has won more drivers' and constructors' titles than any other.
Golf is the sixth most popular sport, by participation, in the UK. Rugby league originated in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire in and is generally played in Northern England. Super League is the highest level of professional rugby league in the UK and Europe. The 'Queensberry rules' , the code of general rules in boxing , was named after John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry in , and formed the basis of modern boxing. It was created in by the superimposition of the Flag of England on the Flag of Scotland and updated in with the addition of Saint Patrick's Flag.
Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.
Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom, originating from Roman Britain. She holds Poseidon 's three-pronged trident and a shield, bearing the Union Flag. Beside the lion and the unicorn and the dragon of heraldry, the bulldog is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Jack.
It has been associated with Winston Churchill's defiance of Nazi Germany. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Britian. Country in north-western Europe. This article is about the country. It is not to be confused with Great Britain , its largest island whose name is also loosely applied to the whole country.
For other uses, see United Kingdom disambiguation and UK disambiguation. Anthem: " God Save the Queen " [note 1]. Royal coats of arms : [note 2]. Show globe. Show map of Europe. Location of the United Kingdom dark green in Europe dark grey. British Briton Brit. England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland. See also: Britain place name and Terminology of the British Isles.
See also: History of the British Isles. Main article: Kingdom of Great Britain. Main article: History of the United Kingdom. Main articles: Political history of the United Kingdom �present and Social history of the United Kingdom �present.
Main article: Geography of the United Kingdom. Skye is one of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides and part of the Scottish Highlands. Main article: Climate of the United Kingdom. Main article: Administrative geography of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland. The four countries of the United Kingdom. Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II , Monarch since Boris Johnson , Prime Minister since Main article: Government of the United Kingdom.
Main article: Law of the United Kingdom. Main article: Foreign relations of the United Kingdom. Main article: British Armed Forces. Main article: Economy of the United Kingdom. The City of London is one of two main financial centres [] [] []. Canary Wharf is one of two main financial centres of the United Kingdom. Main article: Science and technology in the United Kingdom.
Main article: Transport in the United Kingdom. Main article: Energy in the United Kingdom. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom. Main article: Demography of the United Kingdom. Main article: Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom. Main article: Languages of the United Kingdom. Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom. Main article: Modern immigration to the United Kingdom. See also: Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom.
Main article: Education in the United Kingdom. Main article: Education in England. Main article: Education in Scotland. Main article: Education in Wales. Main article: Education in Northern Ireland. Main article: Culture of the United Kingdom. Main article: British literature.
Main article: Music of the United Kingdom. See also: Rock music in the United Kingdom. Main article: Art of the United Kingdom. Main article: Cinema of the United Kingdom. Main article: British cuisine. Main article: Media of the United Kingdom. Main article: British philosophy. Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom.
In the English tradition, such laws are not necessary; proclamation and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem. The words Queen, she, her , used at present in the reign of Elizabeth II , are replaced by King, he, him, his when the monarch is male. Welsh has limited de jure official status in Wales, as well as in the provision of national government services provided for Wales. For further information, see Time in the United Kingdom British territories.
Some prefer to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain. But British embassy, not UK embassy. What is the UK Constitution?
When it took effect one year later, it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth. Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy. House of Commons. Pound sterling [note 5] GBP. Greater London Urban Area. Bristol Urban Area. West Midlands Urban Area. Leicester Urban Area. Blackwell and Ferguson would go on to play leading roles in establishing the Black and Women's Studies Departments as well.
University of Massachusetts. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved Center for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved 13 September The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved August 19, New York: Free Press. ISBN Harry Weese, Architect: " The library at the University of Massachusetts' Dorchester campus manages to occupy the central position, not at the end of the axis, but between two structural building continiuums linked by second-story access, facing a plaza.
It remains the nexus, the place of quiet, redolent of knowledge. Retrieved 15 January The Senate majority leader, Joseph J. MacKenzie; and James A. Kelly Jr. The Boston Globe. University of Massachusetts Press. UMass Boston News. Retrieved October 6, October 3, April 5, Retrieved August 4, The Dorchester Reporter. April 8, Retrieved August 20, June 8, Retrieved March 12, March 15, February 27, Battelle Technology Partnership Practice.
University of Massachusetts Boston. September 26, January 26, Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. March 27, Kennedy Institute For the U.
March 30, March 31, May 5, July 17, February 5, September 13, Retrieved August 22, December 1, Retrieved March 13, February 1, March 3, Retrieved March 15, April 6, Retrieved April 7, April 10, Retrieved June 28, April 13, Boston Neighborhood News, Inc.
Retrieved March 6, Retrieved May 9, Retrieved July 18, Retrieved March 4, Retrieved January 25, January 25, April 29, Retrieved March 22, Retrieved March 8, Retrieved June 26, Advance Publications. Retrieved June 27, May 11, Retrieved April 4, May 18, Retrieved November 28, June 21, Retrieved July 5, September 10, September 2, Retrieved September 2, Retrieved August 6, Retrieved March 2, September 23, Retrieved March 5, Retrieved August 13, July 27, Retrieved March 3, July 28, Henry Holt and Company.
Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved August 15, Retrieved October 20, Retrieved September 24, Washington Monthly. Retrieved August 31, Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved June 10, Stanford University.
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