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It is in the English Channelbetween two and five miles off the coast of Hampshireseparated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian timesand is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building landscape artist northumberland 004, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats landscape artist northumberland 004, hovercraftand Britain's space rockets.

The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festivalwhich in was the largest rock landscape artist northumberland 004 event ever held.

The isle was owned by a Norman family until and was earlier a kingdom in its own right, Wihtwara. The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouthand landscape artist northumberland 004 near the front-line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain.

Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historically part of Hampshirethe island became a separate administrative county in It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire untilwhen it was made its own ceremonial county.

Apart from a landscape artist northumberland 004 police force and Fire and Rescue Serviceand the island's Anglican churches belonging to the Diocese of Portsmouth originally Winchesterthere is now no administrative link with Hampshire; although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, [7] this is now unlikely to proceed.

The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea ; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to SouthamptonLymington and Portsmouth. These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean "place of the division", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent.

During Pleistocene glacial periodssea levels were lower and the present day Solent was part of the valley of the Solent River. The river flowed eastward from Dorset, following the course of the modern Solent strait, before travelling south and southwest towards the major Channel River.

At these times extensive gravel terraces associated with the Solent River and the forerunners of the island's modern rivers were deposited. During warmer interglacial periods silts, beach gravels, clays and muds of marine and estuarine origin were deposited as a result of higher sea levels, similar to those experienced today. The earliest clear evidence of Lower Palaeolithic archaic human occupation on what is now the Isle of Wight is found close to Priory Bay.

Here more than acheulean handaxes have been recovered from the beach and cliff slopes, originating from a sequence of Pleistocene gravels dating approximately to MIS 11 - MIS 9 ,�, years ago. The identity of the hominids who produced these tools is unknown, but sites and fossils of the same age range in Europe are often attributed to Homo heidelbergensis or early populations of Neanderthals.

Gravel sequences at the site have been dated to the MIS3 interstadial, during the last glacial period c. These tools are associated with late Neanderthal occupation, and evidence of late Neanderthal presence is seen across Britain at this time. No major evidence of Upper Palaeolithic activity exists on the Isle of Wight. This period is associated with the expansion and establishment of populations of Modern Human Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Europe, beginning c.

Evidence of late Upper Palaeolithic activity has however been identified at nearby sites on the mainland, notably Hengistbury Head in Dorset, dating to just prior to onset of the Holocene and the end of the last glacial period.

A submerged escarpment 11m below sea level off Bouldnor Cliff on the island's northwest coastline is home to an internationally significant mesolithic archaeological site. The site has yielded evidence of seasonal occupation by mesolithic hunter-gatherers dating to c.

Finds include flint tools, burnt flint, worked timbers, wooden platforms and pits. The worked wood shows evidence of the splitting of large planks from oak trunks, interpreted as being intended for use as dug-out canoes.

It has been suggested this is evidence of wide-reaching trade in mesolithic Europe, however the contemporaneity of the wheat with the Mesolithic occupation has been contested. When hunter-gatherers used the site it landscape artist northumberland 004 located on a river bank surrounded by wetland and woodland. Evidence of mesolithic occupation on the island is generally found along the river valleys, particularly along the north of the Island, and in the former catchment of the western Yar.

Neolithic occupation on the Isle of Wight is primarily attested to by flint tools and monuments. Unlike the previous mesolithic hunter-gatherer population Neolithic communities on the Isle of Wight were based on farming and linked to a migration of Neolithic populations from France and northwest Europe to Britain c. The Isle of Wight's most visible Neolithic site is the Longstone at Mottistonethe remains of an early Neolithic long-barrow originally constructed with two standing stones at the entrance.

Only one stone remains standing today. A Neolithic mortuary enclosure has been identified on Tennyson Down near Freshwater.

Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide [14] [15] for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass [16] [17] suggests that a shortage of tin, as a landscape artist northumberland 004 of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze.

Trade however continued as evidenced by the remarkable local abundance of European Iron Age coins. Julius Caesar landscape artist northumberland 004 that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC, [25] and recognised the landscape artist northumberland 004 of this general region as "Belgic", but made no reference to Vectis.

The Romans built no towns on the island, but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found, indicating the prosperity of local agriculture. Starting in AD according to the Anglo Saxon Chronicles the 5th and 6th centuries saw groups of Germanic speaking peoples from Northern Europe crossing the English Channel and gradually set about conquering the region.

It suffered especially from Viking raids, [37] and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded. Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in For nearly years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke.

The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibuswho, on her deathbed inwas persuaded to sell it to Edward Landscape artist northumberland 004. Thereafter the island was under control of the English Crown [41] and its Lordship a royal appointment.

The island continued to be attacked from the continent: it was raided in by the fleet of Castile[42] and in by French raiders who burned several towns, including Newtown, [ clarification needed ] landscape artist northumberland 004 laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were landscape artist northumberland 004. The French invasion on 21 July famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th was repulsed by local militia.

During the Seven Years' Warthe island was used as a staging post for British troops departing landscape artist northumberland 004 expeditions against the French coast, such as the Raid on Rochefort. Duringwith a planned French invasion imminenta large force of soldiers was stationed.

The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay. In the s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston FortsThe Needles Batteries and Fort Victoriabecause of fears about possible French invasion.

The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it. When queen she made Osborne House her winter home, and so landscape artist northumberland 004 island became a fashionable holiday resort, including for Alfred, Lord TennysonJulia Margaret Cameronand Charles Dickens who wrote much of David Copperfield thereas well as the French painter Berthe Morisot and members of European royalty.

Until the queen's example, the island had been rural, with most people employed in farming, fishing or boat-building. The boom in tourism, spurred by growing wealth and leisure time, and by Victoria's presence, landscape artist northumberland 004 to significant urban development of the island's coastal resorts.

The refurbished machine is now displayed at landscape artist northumberland 004 beach. On 14 JanuaryLandscape artist northumberland 004 Graham Bell demonstrated an early version of the telephone to the queen, [53] placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London.

These were the first publicly-witnessed long distance telephone calls in the UK. The queen tried the device and considered the process to be "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "rather faint". The world's first radio station was set up by Marconi induring her reign, at the Needles Batteryat the western tip of the island.

That location is now the site of the Marconi Monument. During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed. With its proximity to German-occupied France, the island hosted observation stations and transmitters, as well as the RAF radar station at Ventnor.

It was the starting-point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to Europe after the Normandy landings. The Needles Battery was used to develop and test the Black Arrow and Black Knight space rockets, which were subsequently launched from WoomeraAustralia. The Isle of Wight Festival was a very landscape artist northumberland 004 rock festival that took place near Afton DownWest Wight infollowing two smaller concerts in and The show was notable both as one of the last public performances by Jimi Hendrix and for the number of attendees, reaching by some estimatesOn 26 October an oil tanker the Nave Andromeda, suspected to have been hijacked by Nigerian stowaways, was stormed south east of the island by the Special Boat Service.

The Isle of Wight is situated between the Solent and the English Channelis roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of sq mi km 2. The island has sq mi km 2 of farmland, 20 sq landscape artist northumberland 004 52 km 2 of developed areas, and 57 miles 92 km of coastline.

Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as "England in miniature". West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the Wightand has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at feet m is a marilyn.

The island has three principal rivers. Without human intervention the sea might well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin.

The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe.

The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve landscape artist northumberland 004 a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water.

The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous around million years ago to the middle of the Palaeogene around landscape artist northumberland 004 million years ago. The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the landscape artist northumberland 004 Cretaceous beds of the south.

This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half landscape artist northumberland 004 the island is mainly composed of clayswith the southern half formed of the landscape artist northumberland 004 of the central east�west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata.

The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome during the last ice ageforming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentarysuch as limestonesmudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode.

Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodilesturtles and mammal bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils.

The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. As landscape artist northumberland 004 result, the island has been nicknamed "Dinosaur Island" and Dinosaur Isle was established in The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from the mainland aboutyears ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial.

A view of the Needles and Alum Bay.

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