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Here's a guide to understanding the basics of Florida landscaping. North Florida is considered the part of the state that's north of Marion County, says Tom Wichman, statewide coordinator for the Florida Master Gardener program. There, the soil has lots of variation -- clay in the panhandle, sandy elsewhere -- making it paramount that homeowners learn what they will be working with before diving into Florida landscaping.
While elevation isn't an issue, temperature extremes are. Even so, North Florida still gets hot and humid; the farther inland you go and more removed from ocean breezes, the hotter it gets -- at least by a degree or two. North Florida landscaping is also distinguished by fewer tropical and subtropical plants, says Erin Alvarez, a landscape instructor and Florida-Friendly Landscaping program faculty advisor for the Environmental Horticulture department at the Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology.
In addition, the more you progress from the coast inland, the more the landscape turns from flatwoods to uplands with hills, along with clay soil.
Central Florida extends roughly on the west side of the state to Tampa, straight across to Ocala. Here, the danger of frost damaging Florida landscaping is less pronounced, although temperatures may still dabble around the freezing mark, Alvarez says. As in the rest of the state and the country, microclimates can make for varying Florida landscaping conditions, even in the same region.
Central Florida has both sandy and clay areas, and even within counties the soil may be quite different, Wichman says. The upland pine hill and sandhill ecology is also more prevalent in Central Florida, and new developments are often sited in old citrus groves, which can affect the quality and kind of soil.
There's also slight elevation change in Central Florida, but none of the extremes found in mountainous states.
Another key factor that can change Florida landscaping in every region: hurricanes. Hurricanes can uproot trees and plants, change the soil, and flood a region. The defining characteristic of the weather in the third region, South Florida, is heat. Freezes are rare, particularly the more south you get, and the soil changes too, Alvarez says. Night temperatures don't drop as much as elsewhere in the state.
That means what are houseplants in the rest of the country are year-round outdoor plants in South Florida. No matter what region they're in, the coastal areas have their own Florida landscaping challenges due to salt spray and wind pressure. Part of hurricane-proofing Florida landscaping -- inland and on the coasts -- includes keeping a landscape cleaned up, with pruned trees and good plant choices.
On coastal areas, even irrigation water may have a higher saline content, making it partially salt water, so plants, trees, and shrubs should be adapted to these conditions. Look for large foliage with color and interesting shapes and textures. Variegated foliage often has stripes or splashes of red, yellow, and orange.
Coarse-textured plants are attractive because of their large foliage and complex shapes. Figure 2. Large, colorful foliage is a good alternative to high-maintenance flowers.
Use large plants with a wide spread, such as arching, cascading, or vase shapes Figure 3 , and low-growing plants with mounding or irregular shapes to cover large plant beds. Large plants allow for the use of fewer plants, and fewer plants require less maintenance. Substitute small shrubs for perennials; once they grow to their mature height and width, they need little maintenance other than an annual pruning.
Low-growing, sprawling groundcovers cover larger areas and reduce the need for many small bedding plants Figure 4. Figure 3. Fill large plant beds with large, spreading plants. Figure 4. Large, arching plants reduce the need for groundcover. Choose evergreen plants to provide color and foliage all year Figure 5. Many evergreens, including junipers and small shrubs, have a neat growth habit that requires little trimming. The needlelike foliage of some evergreens typically sheds very little, and the small needle litter can be left for mulch.
Figure 5. Evergreen plants with needlelike foliage have a neat form. Use plants with a pleasing form. An attractive natural form Figure 6 reduces the need to trim for appearance. Most plants need some annual pruning for health, but pruning techniques should maintain the natural plant form.
For a neat and tidy look, choose plants that naturally maintain a tight and clean form. Or, if you prefer, choose plants with a loose, open form and let them grow naturally.
Mixing the forms adds variety and interest to the landscape. Figure 6. Plants with a pleasing natural form require less trimming for appearance.
Conduct a soil test to determine the pH, fertility, and structure of the soil. This test is available through your local county Extension office. The best strategy is to use plants that naturally thrive in your soil type, particularly if you have a large garden. Amend and improve the soil with compost in the most visible planted areas, such as by the front door and patio areas.
Use organic mulch, such as pine bark or pine straw, to keep soil moist, build soil structure, and insulate plant roots from winter cold and summer heat. Use a simple plant palette with fewer, hardier plants. Select 10�15 plants to use in large masses and repeat them throughout the yard Figure 7. Repeating the same types of plants in several plant beds simplifies the maintenance with the same care requirements.
Group plants with the same water needs, and use drip irrigation when possible to reduce water use throughout the garden. Figure 7. Large beds with fewer plants require less care. Slightly crowd plants together in the plant beds. Conventional planting techniques recommend spacing plants so they barely touch only at their mature size.
For low maintenance, install plants so that they touch a little sooner but don't overlap too much Figure 8. Most plants will not reach the high end of the height and spread growth range unless they are growing in optimal conditions. For example, a plant that has a range of 5�10 ft for the spread should be drawn at a spacing of 8.
This ensures that the plants will at least touch when they reach maturity. Dense foliage keeps weeds down from lack of sun. The shade of the foliage also prevents moisture evaporation from the soil, requiring less irrigation. Plants may need to be thinned at maturity if they do grow to the high end of their spread potential. Figure 8. Slightly crowd plants to keep weeds down. Fit the plant to the space. Use slow-growing, small plants in small areas and large, faster-growing plants in large areas Figure 9.
Consider the shape of the plant and the shape of the space. The more compatible the shape, the less time will be needed to trim the plant to fit the space. Figure 9. Small, upright, clumping plants fit naturally in a narrow space. Use small trees or large shrubs to provide shade.
Small trees shed fewer leaves, and large shrubs can be limbed up to provide shade for plants on the ground.
Both provide a canopy that fills space and adds interest with height. Select trees with small foliage. Tiny leaves that fall off the trees will be hidden in the plant material and mulch below and will not require raking Figure Trees should also be placed to provide shade to air conditioning units and windows for energy efficiency. Figure Small foliage disappears in the plant material below. Move or remove unhealthy plants.
Observe plants and watch for signs that they are not doing well. Some sick plants are in the wrong location, and the adverse growing conditions are contributing to the poor performance.
Relocate to a more suitable location, if possible, or remove plants rather than waste time and money trying to keep the plant healthy. Use hardscape and structures to maintain the structure and spatial organization of the garden as the plants change through the seasons and years.
With structures, the garden will always have edges and mass to frame the plant material and give a finished look regardless of the seasonal condition of the plants Figure A garden wall and terraces give the garden a finished look. Use overhead structures to provide shade.
Arbors, pergolas, and trellises can be used to create shade in areas where trees would create a maintenance problem with dropping leaves and twigs Figure Overhead structures are also useful in areas where trees should not be located, such as close to buildings and utility lines.
An overhead structure provides shade for the dining area. Use containers and planters in plant beds and on patios and decks. Containers add low-care year-round color and texture to the garden. Pots on patios and decks should have only one or two long-blooming or foliage plants for easy care Figure Containers in plant beds can be used for color and contrast with or without plants.
Remember, however, that containers need more frequent watering, so have a water source such as a rain barrel nearby. Containers with large foliage plants are low-care and attractive.
Use garden ornaments. Elements other than plants add color and texture to the garden, and maintenance usually requires no more than an annual cleaning. Most ornaments also serve a functional purpose as well, such as providing support for plants or homes for wildlife Figure Brightly painted bird houses or bird feeders add a splash of color, and trellises add texture and pattern.
Carefully select larger ornaments appropriate for the design theme and avoid scattering many small, unrelated ornaments around the yard. A large garden ornament provides support for vining plants. Select outdoor furniture with color and texture. Include rugs, curtains, and pillows to make a patio or porch more interesting and inviting Figure The patio furniture can set the style theme for the landscape and show your personal style and color preferences.
Use durable outdoor materials and fabric that are easy to clean. Use garden furniture and structures to provide color and interest. Choose easy-to-clean materials.
Natural stone and other hardscape can be swept to save water Figure Plastics and metal are durable and have easy-to-clean surfaces.
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