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To browse Academia. Skip to main content. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Gravel plains in urban areas: gravel pits as an element of degraded landscapes Acta geographica Slovenica, Mimi Urbanc. Download PDF. A short summary of this paper. Gravel plains in urban areas: gravel pits as an element of degraded landscapes. IntroductionGravel plains and the development of cities have long shared a common history in Central Europe since the majority of cities developed beside the major rivers and their tributaries that created these plains Galluser and Schenker The forces of nature that had previously shaped these areas acquired a rival, man, who more or less intensively intervened in the natural course of events.

He reshaped them according to his needs and according, of course, landscape gravel edging knowledge, to the level of technical and technological development. Human activities included not only the transformation of the cover layer, for example by changing forests into farm land, but also direct interference with the course of rivers, which caused extensive changes in the appearance of the landscape and often substantially changed the characteristics of groundwater that was directly linked to the rivers.

Gravel plains are a natural resource that serves the needs of a city and its population. In the course of time, they have acquired and lost various roles but throughout their history they have been a source of drinking water. On the other hand, water also presented a threat, so landscape gravel edging knowledge ago people began to govern it to reduce its destructive power.

River regulation, among other things, changed the dynamics of depositing gravel, the second natural resource linked to rivers. Unlike water, gravel is a non-renewable natural resource, even though the rivers continue to transport alluvial material.

Gravel has accumulated on gravel plains over a longer geological period and is not renewable like water. The third natural resource, also non-renewable, is space, a basic precondition for any human activity to occur at all.

In Slovenia, where the greater proportion of the surface landscape gravel edging knowledge uneven or quite rugged, gravel plains form the economic, transportation, and population settlement core of the country.

Accordingly, the pressure on them is even greater because a variety of activities seek their own space. Areas in the immediate vicinity of cities or even within city territories are especially impacted. Because of different attitudes toward the natural resources of a particular area -and largely due to glorifying the economic exploitation of natural resources -such areas are over burdened and their other functions are ignored. A lack of suitable legal measures or their poor implementation and the ignorance of the people involved can bring anarchy to an area, destroying the natural balance and greatly reducing its value economic, ecological.

Instead of an open space within a city area that is highly valued ecologically and culturally, we therefore have a degraded riverine landscape whose primary function, landscape gravel edging knowledge, supplying drinking water, is threatened, as are the health of the population and the quality of life. Because of the intertwinement of mutually exclusive activities on them, their degradation, and their functional inclusion in urban areas, studies of gravel plains demand a holistic and integrating approach, landscape gravel edging knowledge.

This is the only way we can confront the natural, landscape-ecological, economic, cultural, and social challenges in crisis areas Naveh and Lieberman ;Zonneveld ;Moss The object of study is the landscape, which has many meanings and is thus the object of numerous scientific discussions.

For the purpose of this article, we will use a general definition stating that the landscape is not only a complex phenomenon that can be described and analyzed using objective scientific methods but also a subjective and empirical phenomenon with perceived, esthetic, and cultural meanings Antrop An observer analyzes, compares, and evaluates the perceived landscape in accordance with his knowledge and previous experience. Therefore the landscape is not just a thing in itself but also represents.

The principal cause of the current situation is man's attitude to the environment or rather the absence of a mature attitude toward his living environment. Its egocentric economic exploitation degraded the riverine landscape, further reducing its perceived worth, landscape gravel edging knowledge.

We also want to show that the changes in the landscape that occurred during the last half century are more the consequence of the attitude of society than any lack of official measures to protect the area. The activities that occurred here -the excavation of gravel, the filling of gravel pits, and the deposit of waste -are closely connected on one hand with the economic and social development of Ljubljana and on the other with its location within the wider urban area.

The city spread onto former farm land, very busy roads run in the immediate vicinity of the pumping station, but at the same time the area itself is an �empty space� without activity landscape gravel edging knowledge we disregard the pumping of drinking water -and therefore invites illegal dumping.

The area is easily accessible and crisscrossed with tracks, and illegal activities are encouraged by unclear and unregulated ownership. Landscape gravel edging knowledge, the numerous abandoned and unrehabilitated gravel pits attract dumping. We want to present gravel pits as an element of the landscape that plays a leading role in its degradation.

The fact Landscape Edging Ebay 2021 that in spite of appropriate legislation there is no corresponding protection in practice is of great concern. We want to show that the area, which in the past offered a number of landscape gravel edging knowledge, can very soon become a burden. For the time being, water landscape gravel edging knowledge still indicate that the water is potable, but due to the anarchy in the past, which still continues to a smaller degree, the area is also threatened because we do not know what Landscape Edging Modern Architecture its �underground� hides.

Clean-up and removal operations will not suffice for a comprehensive and long-term solution of the problem; it is necessary to reestablish the cultural and social value of the area landscape gravel edging knowledge place it in the value system of the city population. Throughout its course, the Sava runs over its own poorly resistant gravel alluvia, landscape gravel edging knowledge, cutting its riverbed in it and depositing the removed material. The alternation of erosion and accumulation is connected with the geological foundation, specifically with the alternation of solid bedrock and gravel detritus and the gentle slope and consequent meandering, as well as with the river regime or the oscillation of the volume of flow throughout the year.

High waters that can cause considerable changes in a short time play the most important role in the reshaping or shifting of the riverbed, landscape gravel edging knowledge. In the past, catastrophic waters could move the riverbed by a hundred meters. During these events, the Sava carried large quantities of gravel and deposited it where its power diminished for various reasons.

Usually this occurred at meanders or in places where the river divided into branches. Due to the depositing of gravel, part of the water overflowed, which additionally weakened its carrying power.

Along the Sava River, poorly developed shallow riverine soils covered with tree and shrub vegetation and meadows developed on the Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate gravel. The soils that developed on gravel beds that were still active a good hundred years ago are not suitable for agricultural use.

In places, a humus horizon formed of loose organic matter that collected around the roots of the sparse vegetation. Farther back landscape gravel edging knowledge the river, the soils on the younger gravel terraces are still shallow, but riverine soils have developed: rendzina and brown soils.

The production capacity of soil depends largely on the amount of gravel it contains: a larger proportion of gravel means poorer fertility. Tree and shrub vegetation grows on the shallow soils, particularly groves of hornbeam and sessile oak Hrvatin and Perko On deeper soils, the meadows and cultivated fields that once existed are currently overgrown with thorny shrub vegetation.

The waste dumps offer unique and very diverse possibilities for the development of soil, depending of course on the composition of the waste. Due to the biological decomposition of organic waste leaves, pine needles, twigsa thin layer of �soil� slowly occurs that allows the growth of pioneering species of moss.

In certain cases where the excavation of gravel was more extensive, the gravel pits were filled with various excavated materials and trees were planted on this layer e. Relative to the self-cleaning capabilities of groundwater, the thickness of the aquifer's gravel-conglomerate layer is of great importance, landscape gravel edging knowledge.

Because of the partially removed cover layer of the aquifer and the total removal of the surface cover soil and vegetationthe groundwater lies even closer to the surface in the gravel pits. The vulnerability of aquifer in this area is therefore very high, and as a result there is a permanently present possibility of the sudden pollution of the groundwater.

The methodology of identifying gravel pits and establishing their properties offers two approaches that we used to achieve optimal results in our study. To determine the influences of dumps in gravel pits on the groundwater, we landscape gravel edging knowledge complemented the geographical methods with the chemical sampling of the gravel layer underneath dumps. The first approach is based on identifying and studying gravel pits in the field. Initially, it is necessary to define a suitable time of the year when this spatial phenomenon is most visible and suitable for study.

As in geomorphological studies geomorphological mapping of gravel pits that are of anthropogenic geomorphological configuration, thick vegetation forest, shrubbery is a major obstacle. The most suitable time is therefore from landscape gravel edging knowledge autumn November to early spring March when trees and shrubbery are �bare�; the illegal dumps are also more visible in this period.

The gravel pits discovered are first located with the proven method of field mapping. On a 1 : 1,scale digital orthographic photograph, landscape gravel edging knowledge, the position, shape, and size of the gravel pits are determined in relation to inventoried dumps.

The properties of each gravel pit can also be measured using the GPS. A gravel pit is identified by the recognizable edge of its basin, and simultaneously its position Gauss-Kruger coordinates and shape are recorded in the GPS.

The digital data thus acquired is necessary for further analyses in geographical information systems and for comparison with existing data. The description sheet contains the basic characteristics of the gravel pit as defined in the field.

All the acquired descriptive data on the gravel pits is combined in an interactive database. Old ecological burdens whose contents are unknown present a potential threat to the groundwater, and locating them is therefore of key importance for the preservation of water resources. We acquired information about the locations and size of old gravel pits by analyzing old aerial photographs.

After a detailed inspection of the available photographs of the study area, we determined a period within which we monitored the development of gravel pits, between and The history of excavations reaches back to the end of the 's when the first smaller gravel pits appeared, and for the �historical� analysis we used aerial photographs taken in, ,,and On older photographs, we did not identify any major gravel pits but only followed the perceptible process of intensive overgrowing of gravel banks.

We first converted the aerial photographs to digital form and harmonized them with the coordinate system of the digital 1 : 1,scale orthophotographic map fromon which the locations of dumps and gravel pits described in are based.

We used it to update the current situation with data on the occurrence of surface excavations in the second half of the 20 th century. Gravel pits and dumps as elements of the degraded landscapeThe fundamental problem of gravel plains, when considering the surface exploitation of gravel, landscape gravel edging knowledge, is the inadequate remediation of abandoned gravel pits, which very frequently become illegal dumps, landscape gravel edging knowledge.

The environmental protection landscape gravel edging knowledge of gravel pits in Slovenia is not new. They were first studied by experts from the technical sciences field, primarily in relation to dealing with individual cases or the possibilities for extracting gravel, landscape gravel edging knowledge.

That the authorities began to take the problem seriously is proven by the fact that several projects in this field have been commissioned and carried out in the last few years Berden Zrimec ;[peh ;Smrekar et al. Dumps in abandoned gravel pits are found most frequently on the plains at the edge of urban settlements, where they are also the largest. They are usually used for the disposal of construction debris because they almost �demand� filling.

Most often it is the same construction companies and individuals that -often without permission -excavate and use the gravel and sand from gravel pits who fill them with construction debris and other waste when their exploitation is finished. Since this waste is dumped without supervision in various forms and unknown quantities, its effects on the groundwater are unpredictable and can possibly be severe.

Construction debris includes hazardous waste e. In the fall oflandscape gravel edging knowledge, we discovered twenty-two gravel pits with extensive and largely landscape gravel edging knowledge fieldwork. Their surface areas range from twenty-five square meters to 65, square meters, their volume ranges from fifty tolandscape gravel edging knowledge, cubic meters, landscape gravel edging knowledge, and they can be up to six meters deep, and in one case, landscape gravel edging knowledge, more than ten meters deep.

The average gravel pit therefore measures 8, square meters and has a volume of 22, cubic meters. Excavation was usually followed by rehabilitaion, which was left to individuals and companies. Rehabilitation is the last phase in the process of excavation of mineral raw materials and can be carried out in a natural or anthropogenic way.

Regrettably, this process landscape gravel Landscape Edging Along Sidewalk Zhi edging knowledge been and still is today unsuitable in the majority of cases and completely unsupervised.

If you have kids or pets, we recommend you opt for mulch that has been dyed using natural substances. Living Room See all. We see bricks used as edging all the time to separate the lawn edge from flower beds. For the best effect, look for edging that coordinates with the style of your house. It's available in short individual sections you pound into the ground or long rolls of edging, which require you to dig a trench in which to sink the edge. In a twist, this edging gets an accent with stones resembling two small feet next to each other.

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