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28.12.2020
EDSA - Planning, Landscape Architecture, Urban Design

Advances in Landscape Architecture. Identity has always been a popular research subject for various disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, sociology, human geography and anthropology. However, urbanization and globalization processes, which have caused a rapid change on our environments, have brought the concept of identity on the agenda of planners and designers in urban landscape tourism 86 last few decades. The major concern of the identity related research is on the sustainability of place identity.

Urbanization and globalization are obviously two major phenomena that affect our social, economic, cultural lives as well as our physical environment. On the other hand current studies on sustainability of the urban environments mainly focus on factors like water, air, energy, and transport while urban identity is receiving attention rarely [ 1 ].

The end of the last century faced a rapid and urban landscape tourism 86 increase in urban population worldwide, mainly because of immigration. Therefore it seems that the urban environments will continue to grow in order to accommodate more inhabitants. Consequently, both natural and cultural landscape resources will continue to be under pressure in and around urban urban landscape tourism 86. Besides the urban landscape tourism 86 sustainability issues, expansion of urban areas, increasing urban population and deterioration of both natural and cultural resources raise the concerns on image and identity of urban landscapes.

The influence of neo-liberalism and globalization is very prominent on the development of urban areas and this consequently affects identity of urban environments. Hence, management and conservation of local heritage and values have become an important aspect in urban design and planning. Urban landscape tourism 86 identity is an important dimension of social and cultural life in urban areas and continuity of place identity is strongly linked to place attachment and sense of belonging.

In environmental psychology, it is assumed that people intrinsically strive to develop a sense of belonging to a place. Place attachment and sense of belonging are crucial in order to establish an emotional and cognitive bond with a place, which leads to the feeling of security and sense of community. Republic of Turkey is a relatively young, developing and transcontinental country which is located on mostly Anatolian peninsula.

Due to its geographical context and history, modern Turkey is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society. The traces urban landscape tourism 86 those civilizations can still be seen in the form of current settlements, in various parts of Turkey. The westernization efforts during the late Ottoman Empire period continued after Republic of Turkey was established in The controlled and planned development of urban landscape tourism 86 areas in the first decades of the Republic created new identities in urban areas.

Besides new governmental, cultural, financial and educational buildings, and open and green spaces for recreation and leisure were constructed. All these new developments changed life-styles, as well as the perceived urban identity. Furthermore economic fluctuations and political instability had deteriorating effects on the urban environment.

On the other hand, a recent study showed that leisure time spent in shopping malls has increased in the last tpurism while open space use has decreased [ 4 ]. Such changes in urban environment are often due to changing lifestyles which is an important factor in identity of urban spaces.

However, urbanization patterns are urban landscape tourism 86 the same in different parts of Turkey. Following a brief introduction on the concept of identity within the literature, this chapter will focus on the relationship between place identity and urban landscape. Concepts related to place identity, such as place attachment will also be discussed and some identity relevant examples from Turkish cities will be provided.

The concept of identity has a broad context. The lansscape use of the concept makes it even harder to define and explain. Definition 886 identity has been lanxscape to mainly sociological studies in the last few decades. However, some previous definition attempts might provide some clues to understand the basics of the identity concept, before moving to next section; spatial dimension of identity. On the other hand Katzenstein points out that identity is evolving images of self and other and is urban landscape tourism 86 constructed [ 10 ].

Urban landscape tourism 86 H. Erikson, German psychologist and psychoanalyst, is one of the well-known sociologists who had a particular interest in identity.

Furthermore, according to Hall, individuals assume different identities at different times and within different contexts [ 14 ].

This chapter does not aim to identify the concept of identity. However, given the examples of definitions, ubran aspects of the identity can be described as follow:.

Identity is never a stable construct; on the contrary it is a continuously evolving and dynamic phenomenon. Although the characteristics of identity concept given above might not be complete and absolute, they might be useful when integrating the concept into urban landscape tourism 86 planning and design in terms of place identity which is the subject of next section. Although space and place are often used interchangeably in Turkish language, these two labdscape have different meanings and content in English and academic literature in environmental psychology.

We need toirism to realize the activities that are essential for our survival. Therefore meaning is a symbolic tool that links an individual with the physical environment. According to Relph, place is result of the interaction between its 3 components; urban landscape tourism 86 setting, activity and meaning [ 17 ].

In environmental psychology research, many agree that development of emotional bonds with places is a prerequisite of psychological balance [ 18 ]. A sense of belonging is necessary for psychological well-being which is developed by relationships with the environment [ 19 ]. Hence, what should concern planners and designers is to understand how people and places interact and how they form a bond. That is necessary to create liveable places.

There fourism been many attempts to explain and define the bond between people and their physical settings in many different ways.

Place identity, place attachment, and sense of place are some of the concepts that involve 2021 Urban Landscape Summit Work the relationship of humankind and his environment. All these concepts refer to the affective and cognitive llandscape between human and the physical environment. Toudism there is no consensus on definitions of these concepts, especially urban landscape tourism 86 place identity and place attachment is related to each other [ 1820 ].

Both place identity and place attachment concepts have been regarded as being components of personal identity, while Stedman recognizes place attachment as an objective dimension for measuring the sense of place [ 17 ]. However, according to Chow and Healeyplace attachment is lancscape more complex and multifaceted phenomenon which involves the interplay of not only affect and emotions, but also knowledge and beliefs, and behaviours and actions in reference to a place [ 20 ].

Milligan states that an emotional bond with a place is formed by the meaning given to a place by the individual, as a result of his interaction with the place Urban landscape tourism 86 and Finch. People have feelings about places as well as beliefs and memories and they act certain ways in urban landscape tourism 86 places [ 17 ].

According to Rileyplace attachment may be primarily associated with meanings and experiences which often involve relationship with landscwpe people [ 19 ]. Experience is the key action in development of human-place bond. The degree of attachment to a particular place depends on its ability to meet our physiological and psychological needs. Place attachment is often assumed to develop in a long period of time.

However, it can also be disrupted very quickly [ 19 ]. Furthermore, a person can be attached to a place either emotionally or functionally. Altman and Low attempted to define theoretical typologies of place attachment [ 23 ].

These are [ 2324 ]:. On the other hand, Scannell and Gifford propose a framework for place attachment which consists of three dimensions [ 22 ] Figure 1 :.

The person dimension: Who is attached? To what extent is the attachment based on individually and collectively held meanings? According to Scannell and Gifford, place attachment can occur at both the individual and group levels. Personal memories and experiences influence the degree of place attachment at the individual level. On the other hand, place attachment is built through shared historical experiences and symbolic meanings of a place [ 22 ].

Uban second dimension of psychological process involves three components: i affect emotional connectionii cognition memories, beliefs, meaning and knowledgeurban landscape tourism 86 iii behaviour attachment is expressed through actions. Place attachment has different scopes and scales in terms of place as a physical urban landscape tourism 86. Therefore the place dimension of the framework has been divided into two levels by the authors: social and physical place natural and built attachment.

Place attachment is urban landscape tourism 86 by many factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, environmental factors type of involvement, familiarity to a place, activities in a place. Place attachment udban also linked to environment friendly behaviour [ 16 ]. It is assumed that people, who develop positive meanings and emotions to a place, tend to protect and care for that particular place.

As expressed before, the relationship between place attachment urban landscape tourism 86 place identity is still controversial among researchers. Some researchers consider place identity as a dimension of place attachment; while some others suggest that place pandscape is necessary for the formation of place attachment [ 18 ]. There are also researchers urban landscape tourism 86 assume place identity and place attachment are two separate concepts.

In spatial planning and design, place tourixm is generally linked to the place. It refers to the distinctiveness of uniqueness of landsczpe place which is a result of the interaction between urban landscape tourism 86 physical features and its users.

They define landscape identity as the perceived uniqueness of a place. Moreover they assert that perceiving has both personal and social dimension and uniqueness is based on the interaction between the physical environment and social factors.

In his work Proshansky defines place identity as [ 26 ]:. In this respect, place identity overlaps with social identity. They also comment that place attachment can function to support or develop aspects of identity. Place is not merely important in developing and maintaining self identity, but it also has a significant effect on human well-being and behaviour [ 17 ].

There is a two-way relationship between a person and a place. While place influences self identity, people also tend to create, change or maintain their physical surroundings in the way which reflect themselves. Hence, the physical environment is a reflection of the identity of its users.

So far basic approaches to urban landscape tourism 86 attachment and place identity have been presented in this section. Next rourism will focus on development, maintenance of and current issues on the identity of urban landscapes from urban landscape tourism 86 perspective of urban planning and design.

Landscape is a dynamic phenomenon which is shaped by both natural and cultural forces. Thus, change is an inherent character urban landscape tourism 86 any landscape. Changes in landscape may not always happen as a result of planned actions, but may also be an unexpected effect [ 28 ].

Although change of the environments does not necessarily have to result in negative ways, it is a process that is often perceived in negative terms. The magnitude and speed of the change that has been faced since the 20 th century is dramatic and environmental problems it has caused is apparent and alarming. Besides current urban landscape tourism 86 changes are characterized by the loss of diversity, coherence and identity of the existing landscapes [ 29 ].

The major forces of landscape change can fourism defined as [ urban landscape tourism 86 ]:.


It is estimated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of the Bhutanese population follow Vajrayana Buddhism , which is also the state religion. Local opposition to the authorities began to intensify in September , when Kharijite insurgents occupied Tunis, resulting in general pillaging. Only India, Bangladesh and Kuwait have residential embassies in Bhutan. Big picture purpose Discovering the holistic value of the land and creating meaningful experiences around it. Countries and dependencies of Asia. Krenichyn, K. Bhutan has very warm relations with Japan, which provides significant development assistance.


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