The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and parking space to other public uses and rebuilding compact urban environments where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including walking , cycling , public transport , personal transporters , and mobility as a service.
Before the twentieth century, cities and towns were normally compact, containing narrow streets busy with human activity. In the early twentieth century, many of these settlements were adapted to accommodate the car with wider roads, more car parking spaces , and lower population densities , with space between urban buildings reserved for automotive use.
The low cost of use brought traffic congestion which made older transport unattractive or impractical, and created the conditions for more traffic and sprawl; the car system was "increasingly able to 'drive' out competitors, such as feet, bikes, buses and trains". Some governments have responded with policies and regulations aimed at reversing auto dependency by increasing urban densities, encouraging mixed use development and infill , reducing space allocated to private cars, increasing walkability , supporting cycling and other alternative vehicles similar in size and speed, and public transport.
Cities like Hong Kong developed a highly integrated public transportation system which effectively reduced the use of private transport. Proponents of the car-free movement focus on both sustainable and public transport bus, tram, etc.
New urbanism is an American urban design movement that arose in the early s. Its goal has been to reform all aspects of real estate development and urban planning , from urban retrofits to suburban infill. New urbanist neighborhoods are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs, and to be walkable. World Squares for all is a scheme to remove much of the traffic from major squares in London, including Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square.
Car-free cities are, as the name implies, entire cities or at least the inner parts thereof which have been made entirely car-free. Car-free zones are areas of a city or town where the use of cars is prohibited or greatly restricted. Living streets and complete streets prioritize the needs of users of the street as a whole over those of car drivers. They are designed to be shared by pedestrians, playing children, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles.
Distribution centers allow easy restocking of supermarkets, outlet stores, restaurants, and more in city centers. They rely on tractor units to unload their cargo in the suburban distribution center. The products are then placed in a small truck sometimes electrically powered [12] , freight bicycle , or other vehicle to bridge the last mile to the destination in the city center.
The method above however still doesn't reduce car use inside non-car-free city centers customers often use cars to fetch their groceries or appliances from city stores, since they have so much storage space. This problem is solved by means of online food ordering systems, which allow customers to order online, and then have it delivered to their doorstep by the supermarket or store itself, through bicycle couriers using freight bicycles , electric delivery robots and delivery vans. These food ordering systems could provide for a smooth transition for those cities that wish to become car-free as it can reduce both personal car use and personal car demand in cities.
At the outskirts of towns, between the exits of the rings roads, and the car-free zones in the city center themselves, additional car parking lots can be added, generally in the form of underground car parks to avoid it taking up surface space.
In some instances, near these car parking lots, Park and ride public transport i. Community bicycle programs provide bicycles within an urban environment for short term use. The Campaign for Better Transport formerly known as Transport was formed in in Britain to challenge proposed cuts in the British rail network and since then has promoted public transport.
Car Free Walks is a UK-based website encouraging walkers to use public transport to reach the start and end of walks, rather than using a car. Road protests in the United Kingdom rose to prominence in the early s in response to a major road building program both in urban communities and also rural areas. Reclaim the Streets , a movement formed in in London, "invaded" major roads, highway or freeway to stage parties. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of RTS is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians, who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space.
In Flanders, the organization Fietsersbond has called upon the government to ban tractor units in city centers. Critical Mass rides emerged in in San Francisco where cyclists take to the streets en masse to dominate the traffic, using the slogan "we are traffic.
The World Naked Bike Ride was born in in Spain with the first naked bike rides, which then emerged as the WNBR in a concept which rapidly spread through collaborations with many different activist groups and individuals around the world to promote bicycle transportation, renewable energy, recreation, walkable communities, and environmentally responsible, sustainable living.
Parking Days started in when REBAR , a collaborative group of creators, designers and activists based in San Francisco, transformed a metered parking spot into a small park complete with turf, seating, and shade [26] and by there were parks in 27 cities around the world. Car Free Days are official events with the common goal of taking a fair number of cars off the streets of a city or some target area or neighborhood for all or part of a day, in order to give the people who live and work there a chance to consider how their city might look and work with significantly fewer cars.
The event has inspired similar celebrations globally. In town, without my car! It has since spread beyond the EU, and in more than 40 countries participated. World Urbanism Day was founded in in Buenos Aires and is celebrated in more than 30 countries on four continents each November 8.
Towards Car-free Cities is the annual conference of the World Car-free Network and provides a focal point for diverse aspects of the emerging global car-free movement. The conference series attempts to bridge the gap between many of the diverse people and organizations interested in reducing urban dependence on the automobile.
Transportation Alternative's Annual Commuter Race pits a bicyclist against both a subway rider and a cab rider in a race from Queens to Manhattan. The Fifth Annual Commuter race took place in May , where bicyclist Rachel Myers beat straphanger Dan Hendrick and cab rider Willie Thompson to make it the fifth year the contestant on the bicycle won. Myers took the title with a time of 20 minutes and 15 seconds to make the 4. Hendrick showed up 15 minutes later off the subway and Thompson arrived via cab nearly a half-hour after that.
Transportation Alternatives is a group that "seeks to change New York City's transportation priorities to encourage and increase non-polluting, quiet, city-friendly travel and decrease�not ban�private car use.
To achieve its goals, T. There are many areas of the world where people have always lived without cars, because no road access is possible, or none has been provided. In developed countries these include islands and some historic neighborhoods or settlements, the largest example being the canal city of Venice. The term carfree development implies a physical change � either new building or changes to an existing built area.
Melia et al. This definition which they distinguish from the more common "low car development" is based mainly on experience in Northwestern Europe, where the movement for car-free development began. Within this definition three types are identified:.
Vauban, Freiburg , Germany is according to this definition, the largest car-free development in Europe, with over 5, residents. Whether it can be considered car-free is open to debate: many local people prefer the term "stellplatzfrei" � literally "free from parking spaces" to describe the traffic management system there. Vehicles are allowed down the residential streets at walking pace to pick up and deliver but not to park, although there are frequent infractions.
Residents of the stellplatzfrei areas must sign an annual declaration stating whether they own a car or not. Car owners must purchase a place in one of the multi-storey car parks on the periphery, run by a council-owned company. The more common form of car free development involves some sort of physical barrier, which prevents motor vehicles from penetrating into a car-free center. In some cases such as Stellwerk 60 in Cologne, there is a removable barrier, controlled by a residents' organizations.
In others cases, such as Landscape Depot New Rochelle Ny Year in Waterwijk , vehicular access is only available from the exterior. Whereas the first two models apply to newly built car free developments, most pedestrianized areas have been retro-fitted. Pedestrian zones may be considered car-free developments where they include a significant population and a low rate of vehicle ownership per household.
The largest example in Europe is Groningen , Netherlands which had a city centre population of 16, in Several studies have been done on European car free developments. The most comprehensive was conducted in by Jan Scheurer. The main benefits found for car free developments summarized in Melia et al. The main problems related to parking management. Where parking is not controlled in the surrounding area, this often results in complaints from neighbors about overspill parking.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Movement to reduce the use of private vehicles. Main article: Pedestrian zone. Main article: List of Landscape Depot New Rochelle New York Fr car-free places.
Alternatives to car use Automobile dependency Car costs Carfree city Car-Free Days Effects of the car on societies Free public transport Individual action on climate change Jan Gehl List of car-free places Transit-oriented development Urban planning Peak car Road reallocation Principles of intelligent urbanism. Green Illusions. London: University of Nebraska Press. University of Lancacaster.
Retrieved RAC Foundation. Archived from the original PDF on November 18, UK Department for Transport. UK Commission for integrated transport. Archived from the original on New Urbanism. The Mayor of London. The Times. The International Institute for the Urban Environment. Archived from the original PDF on The New York Times. Car Free America. BBC News. San Francisco Chronicle. Info Car Free Day. City of Groningen. Ecological Economics 65 3 , Simple living. Wendell Berry Ernest Callenbach G.
Urban planning. Regional Planning Association of America. Environmental design Environmental impact assessment Recreation resource planning Sustainable development.
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