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Thus, turloughs are described as disappearing lakes. Uvalas are also karst landforms that are found in parts of Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia, as well as some other locations throughout the world. The uvalas are described as massively closed karst depressions that have an elongated, irregular shape. Uvalas result when accelerated corrosion happens along zones of tectonic activity. In simple words, an uvula can also be described as a collection of several small individual sinkholes that have coalesced together to form a massive sinkhole.
This karst landform resembles an artificial pavement, hence the name. It is a flat, incised, and exposed limestone surface that is quite common in Ireland and the UK. In other parts of the world, the term alvar is often used to describe a limestone pavement. The landform is formed by glacial activity. When an advancing glacier scrapes away the overburden from the top of the limestone bed, it exposes the bare and flat limestone.
However, the exposed limestone is now easily susceptible to corrosive forces and it develops numerous cracks and fissures that create an incised surface. Thus, the pavement consists of slabs called clints separated by deep fissures called grykes. In places where the clints are of a near uniform shape and size and the gyrkes are fairly straight, the landscape looks like an artificial pavement with man-made paving stones.
Limestone pavements are common in formerly-glaciated limestone landscapes like Cumbria and Yorkshire Dales in England. The polje is a steep-walled and flat-floored elongated basin with area varying between 5 and square km. Poljes are found in karst regions of the world. Several sinkholes coalesce together to form a polje. The enclosing walls are as high to ft. Residues of limestone solution usually form the floor of the polje. Surface watercourses, ponors or swallow holes drain the polje.
These karst landforms are common in the Dinaric Alps region. A karst spring is a water spring with a high discharge. It is located in karst area where it drains the underground water of the area. Such springs usually have a bowl or conical shape. They are most often present at the end of a cave system where an underground river reaches the surface of the Earth. Papua New Guinea is believed to hosts the largest karst springs in the world.
Like a cenote, a ponor is also a natural opening in a karst landscape. However, there are some differences between a ponor and a cenote. Whereas the latter is basically a depression or pit in a karst landscape, a ponor is more like a portal for the entry of surface water to the underground.
Ponors are locations where lakes and streams disappear underground. Bosnia and Herzegovina host the Adriatic watershed landscape which features numerous ponors. A sinking river is simply a flowing watercourse that disappears or loses water as it flows downstream.
The water usually drains into the ground where it increases the groundwater level since the bottom of the river is at a higher level than the water table. Losing streams are common in two types of landscapes, arid areas, and karst areas.
In karst areas, a sinking river results when a river disappears through a ponor or sink-hole on the karst landscape. Thereafter, it flows through an underground cave system where it becomes a subterranean river. It might eventually resurface in the form of karst springs.
A karst fenster is an interesting feature of a karst area. It is basically a spring that emerges from underground, discharges its waters, and then abruptly disappears underground through a nearby sink-hole. The term karst fenster is often used to describe an unroofed cavern or a part of it which reveals a subterranean river.
Thus, a part of this river becomes visible for a small distance. A karst fenster is thus also known as a karst window. A calanque is a type of karst landform found along the Mediterranean coast. It is a narrow, steep-walled valley that is formed either by the collapse of the roof of a cave or by fluvial erosion.
Some of the best examples of calanque are found in the Massif des Calanques in France. The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include solution flutes or rillenkarren , runnels , limestone pavement clints and grikes , collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or cenotes closed basins , vertical shafts, foibe inverted funnel shaped sinkholes , disappearing streams, and reappearing springs.
Large-scale features may include limestone pavements , poljes , and karst valleys. Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems such as karst aquifers and extensive caves and cavern systems may form.
Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the tropics , produces karst topography that includes a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea, and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or bioerosion at or a little above mean sea level. Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide.
Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals.
Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains.
A karst fenster karst window occurs when an underground stream emerges onto the surface between layers of rock, cascades some distance, and then disappears back down, often into a sinkhole. Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, usually under a different name like Ljubljanica , the river of seven names. A turlough is a unique type of seasonal lake found in Irish karst areas which are formed through the annual welling-up of water from the underground water system.
Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered.
Groundwater in karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community trash dumps.
Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels. The karst topography also poses difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but progressive erosion is frequently unseen until the roof of a cavern suddenly collapses.
Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery. In the United States, sudden collapse of such a cavern-sinkhole swallowed part of the collection of the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky in Interstratal karst is a karstic landscape which is developed beneath a cover of insoluble rocks. Typically this will involve a cover of sandstone overlying limestone strata undergoing solution. In the United Kingdom for example extensive doline fields have developed at Cefn yr Ystrad , Mynydd Llangatwg and Mynydd Llangynidr in South Wales across a cover of Twrch Sandstone which overlies concealed Carboniferous Limestone , the last-named having been declared a site of special scientific interest in respect of it.
Kegelkarst is a type of tropical karst terrain with numerous cone-like hills, formed by cockpits, mogotes , and poljes and without strong fluvial erosion processes. Pseudokarsts are similar in form or appearance to karst features but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include lava caves and granite tors �for example, Labertouche Cave in Victoria , Australia �and paleocollapse features.
Mud Caves are an example of pseudokarst. Paleokarst or palaeokarst is a development of karst observed in geological history and preserved within the rock sequence, effectively a fossil karst. There are for example palaeokarstic surfaces exposed within the Clydach Valley Subgroup of the Carboniferous Limestone sequence of South Wales which developed as sub-aerial weathering of recently formed limestones took place during periods of non-deposition within the early part of the period.
Sedimentation resumed and further limestone strata were deposited on an irregular karstic surface, the cycle recurring several times in connection with fluctuating sea levels over prolonged periods. Karst areas tend to have unique types of forests. The karst terrain is difficult for humans to traverse, so that their ecosystems are often relatively undisturbed. The soil tends to have a high pH, which encourages growth of unusual species of orchids, palms, mangroves and other plants.
The world's largest limestone karst is Australia's Nullarbor Plain. Slovenia has the world's highest risk of sinkholes, while the western Highland Rim in the eastern United States is at the second-highest risk of karst sinkholes. The Tham Luang Nang Non karstic cave system in northern Thailand was made famous by the rescue of a junior football team. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Redirected from Karst topography. For other uses, see Karst disambiguation. Topography from dissolved soluble rocks.
Main article: List of karst areas. See also: Speleothem. Environmental Science Institute. The University of Texas at Austin. May 16, Retrieved 25 December Glossary of geology Fourth ed.
Alexandria, Viriginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN Environmental Geology. S2CID Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. Retrieved 15 June Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 30 October Retrieved Dec 31,
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