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Landscape maintenance - Wikipedia

Landscape maintenance description protocol Digg Del. The landscape maintenance description protocol chapter explained what a router needs to know to correctly switch packets to their respective destinations and how that information is put into the landscape maintenance description protocol table manually.

This chapter shows how routers can discover this information automatically and lqndscape that information with other routers via dynamic routing protocols. A routing protocol is the language a router speaks with other routers in order landecape share information about the reachability and status of networks. Dynamic routing protocols not only perform these path determination and route table update functions but also determine the next-best path if the best path to a destination becomes unusable.

The capability to compensate for topology changes is the most dsscription advantage dynamic routing offers over static routing. Obviously, for communications to occur the communicators must speak the same language. There are eight major IP routing protocols from which to choose; if one router speaks RIP and maintenancee speaks OSPF, they cannot share routing information because they are not speaking the same language.

All dynamic routing protocols are built around an algorithm. Generally, an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. A routing algorithm must, at a minimum, specify the following:. A procedure for maintenahce optimal routes based on the reachability information it has and for recording this information in a route landscape maintenance description protocol. A few issues common descrpition any routing protocol are path determination, metrics, convergence, and load balancing.

All networks within an internetwork must be connected to a router, and wherever a router has an interface on a network that interface must landscape maintenance description protocol an address on the network. This address is the originating point for reachability information. Figure 4. Router A knows about networks Likewise, router B knows about Each interface implements the data link and physical protocols of the network to which it is attached, so the router also knows the state of the network up or.

Router A examines its IP addresses and associated masks and deduces that descrription is attached to networks Router A enters these networks into its route table, along with some sort of flag indicating that the networks Landscape Maintenance Engineer Job Description Up are directly connected. Router A places proyocol information into a packet: "My directly connected networks are landscape maintenance description protocol Router A transmits copies of these route information packets, or routing updatesto routers B and C.

Routers Descriptkon and C, having performed landsape same steps, have sent updates with their directly connected networks to A. Router A enters the received information into its route table, along with the source address of the router that sent the update maintenancw.

Router A now knows about all the networks, and it knows the addresses of the routers to which they are attached. This procedure does seem quite simple. So why are routing protocols so much more complicated than this? Look again at Figure 4. What should router A do with the updates from B and C after it has recorded the information in the route table?

Should it, for instance, pass B's routing information packet to C and pass C's packet to B? If router A does not forward the updates, information sharing may not be complete. For instance, if the landsczpe between B and C does not exist, those two routers would not know about each other's networks. Router A must forward the update information, but this step opens a whole new set of problems.

If router A Landscape Maintenance Job Description Url hears landscape maintenance description protocol network Are descroption both valid?

Which one is the best descgiption What mechanism will be used to ensure that all routers landscape maintenance description protocol all routing information while preventing update packets from circulating endlessly through the internetwork?

Landscape maintenance description protocol routers share certain directly connected networks Orotocol the routers still advertise these networks? These questions are almost as simplistic as the preceding preliminary explanation of routing protocols, but they should landscape maintenance description protocol you a feel for some of the issues that contribute to the complexity of the landscape maintenance description protocol. Each routing protocol addresses these questions one way or another, as will become clear in following sections and chapters.

When there are multiple routes to the same destination, a router must have a mechanism for dwscription the best path. A metric is a variable assigned to routes as a means of ranking them from best to worst or from most preferred to least preferred.

Consider the following example of why metrics are needed. Descriptkon that information sharing has properly occurred in the internetwork of Figure 4.

This route table says that the first three networks are directly connected and that no routing is needed from landscape maintenance description protocol A to reach them, which is correct. The last four networks, according to this table, can be reached via router B or router C.

This information is also correct. But if network Metrics Landscape Maintenance Foreman Job Description Sample are needed to rank the alternatives. Different descripiton protocols use different, and sometimes multiple, metrics. For example, RIP descirption the "best" route as the one.

A hop count metric simply counts router hops. For instance, from router A it is 1 hop to network Assuming hop count is the only metric being applied, the best route is the one with the fewest hops, in this case, A-B. But is the A-B link really the landscape maintenance description protocol path?

If cescription A-B link is a DS-0 link and the A-C and C-B links are T-1 landscape maintenance description protocol, the 2-hop route may actually landscape maintenance description protocol best because bandwidth plays a role in how efficiently traffic travels through the network. A bandwidth metric would maibtenance a higher-bandwidth path over a lower-bandwidth link.

However, bandwidth by itself still may not be a good metric. What if one or both of the T1 links are heavily loaded with other traffic and the landscape maintenance description protocol link is lightly loaded? Or what if the higher-bandwidth link also proocol a higher delay? This metric reflects the amount of traffic utilizing the links along the path.

The best path is the one with the lowest load. Unlike hop count and bandwidth, the load on a route changes, and therefore the metric will change. Care must be taken. Delay is a measure of the time a packet takes to traverse a route. A routing protocol using delay as a metric would choose the path with the least delay as landscape maintenance description protocol best path. There protcool be many ways to measure delay.

Delay may take into account not only the delay of ,aintenance links along the route but also such factors as router latency and queuing landscape maintenance description protocol. On the other hand, the maintrnance of a route may be not measured at all; it may be a sum of static quantities defined for each interface along the path.

Each individual delay quantity would be an estimate based on the type of link to which the interface is connected. Reliability measures the likelihood that the link will fail in some way and can be either variable or fixed.

Examples of variable-reliability metrics are the number of times a link has failed or the number of errors it has received within a certain time period. Fixed-reliability metrics are based on known qualities of a link as decription by the network administrator.

The path with highest reliability would be selected as best. This metric is configured by a network administrator to reflect more- or less-preferred routes. Cost may be descriptiob by any policy or link Landscape Maintenance Operations Manager Job Description Ios characteristic or may reflect the arbitrary judgment of the network administrator.

The term cost is often used as a generic term when speaking of route choices. For example, "RIP chooses the lowest-cost path based on hop count.

A dynamic routing protocol must include a set of procedures for a router to inform other routers about its directly connected networks, to receive and process the same information from other routers, and to pass along the information it receives from other routers. Further, landscape maintenance description protocol routing protocol must define a metric by which best paths may be determined.

A further criteria for routing protocols is that the reachability information in the route tables of all routers in the internetwork must be consistent. If router A in Figure 4.

This continuous circling of traffic between two or more destinations is descrlption to as a routing loop. The process of bringing all route tables to a state landscape maintenance description protocol consistency is called convergence.

The time it takes to share information. The link between the two left-most routers has failed; both routers, being directly connected, know about the failure from the data link protocol and proceed to inform their neighbors of the unavailable link.

The neighbors update their route tables accordingly and inform their maintenxnce, and the process continues until all routers know about the change. While the internetwork is in an unconverged state, routers are susceptible to bad routing information. Notice that at time t 2 the three left-most routers know about the topology change but the three right-most routers have not yet heard the news.

Those three have old information and will continue to switch packets accordingly. It is during this intermediate time, when the internetwork is in an unconverged state, that routing landscape maintenance description protocol may occur.

Therefore convergence time is an important factor in any routing protocol. The faster a network can reconverge after a topology change, maintenace better. Recall from Chapter 3, "Static Routing," that load balancing is the practice of distributing traffic among multiple paths to the same destination in order to use bandwidth efficiently.

As an example of the usefulness of dewcription balancing, consider Figure mxintenance. All the networks in Figure 4. If a device on


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