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It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. It has an urban area population of 1,,, [7] while the population of the Dublin Region formerly County Dublin as of [update] was New Zealand Landscape Architects System 1,, There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD. Following the partition of Ireland in , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland.

Dublin is an historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration and industry. As of [update] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network GaWC as a global city , with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. This tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey , on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn , variously anglicised as Devlin, [19] Divlin [20] and Difflin.

Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn , from which Dyflin took its name.

The area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times, but the writings of Ptolemy the Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer in about AD provide possibly the earliest reference to a settlement there. Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in , meaning the Irish government recognised as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.

It is now thought [26] the Viking settlement of about was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn , from which Dyflin took its name.

Beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements which later became the modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle , a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor.

This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. Dublin was established as a Viking settlement in the 10th century and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves.

Following Mac Murrough's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, King Henry II of England affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland. This continued down to when the barony of Dublin City was separated from the barony of Dublin. Since , both baronies have been redesignated as the City of Dublin. Dublin Castle , which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England.

Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert I of Scotland to capture the city in In , the Black Death , a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade. Dublin was the heart of the area known as the Pale , a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the English Crown. The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in an Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive.

Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The city had a population of 21, in before a plague in �51 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England, and reached a population of over 50, in As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding , The vast majority of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this period � Temple Bar and the areas around the Four Courts and the Custom House , and Grafton Street , are some of the few remaining parts of Dublin that were not affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction and maintained their medieval character.

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square , Parliament House and the Royal Exchange. The Wide Streets Commission was established in at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings.

In , the Guinness brewery was founded; and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin. Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Acts of Union , under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London.

The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution , but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.

The Easter Rising of , the Irish War of Independence , and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland � , Kingdom of Ireland � , as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland � , and the Irish Republic � Following the partition of Ireland in , it became the capital of the Irish Free State � and now is the capital of Ireland.

One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance. Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish Troubles , although during this year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland.

A Loyalist paramilitary group, the Ulster Volunteer Force , bombed the city during this time � notably in an atrocity known as the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin. Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the midth century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the s and s slowed down the pace of building.

Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by the city had approximately acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and 10 million square feet of office space. Since , the landscape of Dublin has changed.

The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of [update] has close to full employment, [40] but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.

From , the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the baronies of Dublin City and the Barony of Dublin. In , the boundaries were extended by the Local Government Dublin Act.

Dublin City Council is a unicameral assembly of 63 [44] members elected every five years from Local Election Areas.

It is presided over by the Lord Mayor , who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's Mansion House. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is Landscape Architects Adelaide International responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power.

As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the creation of the Irish Free State in It consists of a main building completed with two wings completed The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until Twenty TD's are elected in total.

Dublin is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey and encompasses a land area of approximately It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the Wicklow Mountains , to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.

The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at Leixlip from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage.

Two secondary rivers further divide the city � the River Tolka , running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the River Dodder running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city. Two canals � the Grand Canal on the southside and the Royal Canal on the northside � ring the inner city on their way from the west and the River Shannon.

A north�south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider. In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of "quarters" or districts.

Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a maritime climate Cfb with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. The average maximum January temperature is 8. On average, the sunniest months are May and June, while the wettest month is October with 76 mm 3 in of rain, and the driest month is February with 46 mm 2 in.

Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. Ringsend in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of mm 27 in , [60] with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being mm 28 in.

The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers.

In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined � by an estimated deaths annually. Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is Dublin Castle , which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's King John in , shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in , when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure.

Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence. One of Dublin's newest monuments is the Spire of Dublin , officially entitled the "Monument of Light. It replaces Nelson's Pillar and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects , [71] who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology".

The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city. The Ha'penny Bridge , an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks. Other sights include the Anna Livia monument. The Poolbeg Towers are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city. There are many green-spaces around the city, and Dublin City Council manages over 1, hectares 3, acres of parks.

The Phoenix Park is about 3 km 2 miles west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its kilometre 10 mi perimeter wall encloses hectares 1, acres , making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.


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