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Millettia Pinnata - known in Pakistan as Sukh Chain Wikipedia | Garden, Plants

Cuenta con 1. Desde el final del s. Las elecciones del gobierno local se llevaron a cabo en Las reformas constitucionales aprobaron algunos de los decretos de Garden decor in pakistan wikipedia y, de manera retroactiva, legitimizaron su presidencia, con lo que lo liberaron del requisito de ser electo para ocupar su cargo. Sin embargo, el 3 de noviembre se produjo un autogolpe de Estadoechando por tierra las promesas de apertura e iniciando una nueva dictadura militar con Musharraf a la cabeza.

En las elecciones presidenciales del 6 de septiembre fue elegido presidente Asif Ali Zardari. Las cuatro provincias y el territorio de la capital se dividen en un total de distritos que contienen numerosos tehsils y gobiernos locales. Cachemira Azad comprende siete distritos, mientras que los Territorios del Norte integran seis. Ha habido grandes mejoras en su mercado de valores y una mejora y fortalecimiento de su moneda.

La M1 de kmde 6 carriles, lleva desde Islamabad hasta Peshawar. La M9 se encuentra entre Hyderabad y Karachi.

El promedio de hijos por mujer es de 3, Igual que aquella, utiliza en buena parte de sus platos el curry y la masala. De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre.

Emblema nacional. El valle de Neelam, en Azad Cachemira. El valle de Hunza. Consultado el 17 de febrero de Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Consultado el 26 de agosto de International Monetary Fund. Consultsdo septiembre de Garden decor in pakistan wikipedia Dictionary of Pashto. Consultado el 22 de junio de Columbia University. Consultado el 4 de diciembre de Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever? Ikram Indian Muslims and partition of India.

ISBN Consultado el 23 de diciembre de The Pakistan National Movement. Archivado desde el original el 19 de abril de Consultado el 14 de abril de Davidson Foreign Affairs 38 4 : JSTOR Some references from a Balochi heroic epic�.

Garden decor in pakistan wikipedia Military Balance Londres: Routledge. Consultado el 30 de marzo de Archivado desde el original el 10 de febrero de Archivado desde el original el 27 de noviembre de Archivado desde el original el 19 de garden decor in pakistan wikipedia de Archivado desde el original el 20 de agosto de Consultado el 2 de marzo de Archivado desde el original el 2 de garden decor in pakistan wikipedia de Archivado desde el original el 1 de marzo de Consultado el 6 de diciembre de Consultado el 21 de octubre de Government of Pakistan, Consultado el 16 de septiembre de Consultado el 30 de noviembre de Puedes visitarla y contribuir.

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Upload file Recent changes Latest files Random file Contact us. Wikimedia category. Upload media. Authority control Q All the pools are also interlinked using an underground conduit network fed by the lake, and connected to the moats. A miniature water garden is located to the west of the first water garden, consisting of several small pools and watercourses.

This recently discovered smaller garden appears to have been built after the Kashyapan period, possibly between the 10th and 13th centuries. All Persian gardens, from the ancient to the high classical were developed in opposition to the harsh and arid landscape of the Iranian Plateau.

Unlike historical European gardens, which seemed carved or re-ordered from within their existing landscape , Persian gardens appeared as impossibilities. Their ethereal and delicate qualities emphasized their intrinsic contrast to the hostile environment.

Trees and trellises largely feature as biotic shade; pavilions and walls are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun. The heat also makes water important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden. Irrigation may be required, and may be provided via a form of tunnel called a qanat , that transports water from a local aquifer. Well-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the drawing of water.

Alternatively, an animal-driven Persian well would draw water to the surface. Trees were often planted in a ditch called a juy , which prevented water evaporation and allowed the water quick access to the tree roots. The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner courtyard.

Designers often place architectural elements such as vaulted arches between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.

Gardens were much cherished in the Egyptian times and were kept both for secular purposes and attached to temple compounds. Gardens in private homes and villas before the New Kingdom were mostly used for growing vegetables and located close to a canal or the river.

However, in the New Kingdom they were often surrounded by walls and their purpose incorporated pleasure and beauty besides utility. Garden produce made out an important part of foodstuff but flowers were also cultivated for use in garlands to wear at festive occasions and for medicinal purposes. While the poor kept a patch for growing vegetables, the rich people could afford gardens lined with sheltering trees and decorative pools with fish and waterfowl.

There could be wooden structures forming pergolas to support vines of grapes from which raisins and wine were produced. There could even be elaborate stone kiosks for ornamental reasons, with decorative statues.

Temple gardens had plots for cultivating special vegetables, plants or herbs considered sacred to a certain deity and which were required in rituals and offerings like lettuce to Min. Sacred groves and ornamental trees were planted in front of or near both cult temples and mortuary temples. As temples were representations of heaven and built as the actual home of the god, gardens were laid out according to the same principle.

Avenues leading up to the entrance could be lined with trees, courtyards could hold small gardens and between temple buildings gardens with trees, vineyards, flowers and ponds were maintained. The ancient Egyptian garden would have looked different from a modern garden. It would have seemed more like a collection of herbs or a patch of wild flowers, lacking the specially bred flowers of today.

Flowers like the iris, chrysanthemum, lily, and delphinium blue , were certainly known to the ancients, but were not featured much in garden scenes. Due to the arid climate of Egypt, tending gardens meant constant attention and depended on irrigation. Skilled gardeners were employed by temples and households of the wealthy. Duties included planting, weeding, watering by means of a shadoof , pruning of fruit trees, digging the ground, and harvesting the fruit.

It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeks did not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples, and they adorned walkways and roads with statues, but the ornate and pleasure gardens that demonstrated wealth in the other communities is seemingly absent.

Roman gardens were a place of peace and solitude, a refuge from urban life. Gaius Maecenas , a culturally influential confidante of the emperor Augustus , built the first private garden estate of Rome to fulfill his creative ambitions and restore his delicate health. Ornamental horticulture became highly developed during the development of Roman civilization.

The administrators of the Roman Empire c. Seeds and plants were widely shared. Both Chinese and Japanese garden design traditionally is intended to evoke the natural landscape of mountains and rivers.

However, the intended viewpoint of the gardens differs: Chinese gardens were intended to be viewed from within the garden and are intended as a setting for everyday life. Japanese gardens, with a few exceptions, were intended to be viewed from within the house, somewhat like a diorama. Moreover, Chinese gardens often included a water feature, while Japanese gardens, set in a wetter climate, would often get by with the suggestion of water such as sand or pebbles raked into a wave pattern.

Traditional Chinese gardens are also more likely to treat the plants in a naturalistic way, while traditional Japanese gardens might feature plants sheared into mountain or cloud shapes. This contrasts with the handling of stone elements: in a Japanese garden, stepping stones are placed in groupings as part of the landscape, but in a Chinese garden, a particularly choice stone might even be placed on a pedestal in a prominent location so that it might be more easily appreciated.

The style of Chinese garden varies among economic groups and differs by dynasties. Rocks, water, bridges, and pavilions are among the most common features of scholar gardens for the wealthy classes, while courtyards, wells, and terra cotta fish tanks are common among the general population. Other features such as moon gates and leaky windows openwork screens that pierce surrounding walls are seen in both groups.

The development of landscape design in China was historically driven by philosophies of both Confucianism and Taoism. Geometric symmetry and reinforcement of class boundaries were typical characteristics of landscape design in Asian cities, and both characteristics reflect Confucian ideals.

While the British used nature outside the home to provide privacy, Chinese homes were compounds made of a number of buildings which all faced one or more courtyards or common areas. Rather than around the home, the Chinese valued natural spaces inside the compound, which is where the family socialized.

Furthermore, Courtyards in the Chinese home reflected Taoist philosophies, where families would try to create abstractions of nature rather than recreations of it. For example, a Taoist garden would avoid straight lines and use stone and water instead of trees, whereas Asian cities followed Confucian, geometric designs and North American parks typically feature trees and lawns.

There are two ways of looking at the signature design characteristics of the Chinese garden: first; the concept of Yin and Yang , and second; the myths of longevity that arose during the Qin Dynasty. The philosophy of Yin and Yang portrays the idea of balance and harmony. The Chinese garden expresses the relationship to nature and the idea of balance through the art of mimicking natural setting, thus the existence of mountains, rocks, water, and wind elements.

Yin and Yang juxtapose complementary opposites: as hard as rock can be, the softness of water can dissolve it. Lake Tai rocks, limestone eroded by the water of Lake Tai, are the quintessential example. Water, air, and light run through the rock as it sits still on display. The leaky windows of the Chinese garden wall portray both steadiness and movement.

The windows create a solid painting on walls, however, that steadiness changes once the wind blows or the eyes move. Chinese garden's structure is based upon the culture's creation myth, rooted in rocks and water.

To have longevity is to live among mountains and water; it is to live with nature, to live like an immortal being Xian. The garden evokes a healthy lifestyle that makes one immortal, free from the problems of civilization.

Thus, Chinese landscape is known as Shan mountain and Shui water. Symbolism is a key element of Chinese garden design. The colors red and gold also represent luck and wealth. Bats, dragons, and other mystic creatures carved on wooden doors are also commonly found in Chinese gardens; these are seen as signs of luck and protection.

Circles portray togetherness, especially for family members, and are depicted in moon gates , moon bridges , and round tables placed within square backgrounds.

The moon gate and other whimsical doorways also act to frame views and to force the viewer to pause for a transition into a new space. Paths in Chinese gardens are often uneven and sometimes consciously zigzag.

These paths are like the passages of a human life. There is always something new or different when seen from a different angle, while the future is unknown and unpredictable.

The Byzantine empire spanned a period of more than years � AD , and a geographic area from modern day Spain and Britain to the Middle East and northern Africa. Probably due to this temporal and geographic spread and its turbulent history, there is no single dominant garden style that can be labeled "Byzantine style". Archaeological evidence of public, imperial, and private gardens is scant at best, and researchers over the years have relied on literary sources to derive clues about the main features of Byzantine gardens.

Their repeated publications and translations to other languages well into the 16th century is evidence to the value attributed to the horticultural knowledge of antiquity. These literary sources worked as handbooks, promoting the concepts of walled gardens with plants arranged by type. Such ideals found expression in the suburban parks Philopation , Aretai and palatial gardens Mesokepion , Mangana of Constantinople.

The Byzantine garden tradition was influenced by the strong undercurrents of history that the empire itself was exposed to. The first and foremost influence was the adoption of Christianity as the empire's official religion by its founder Constantine the Great.

The new religion signalled a departure from the ornamental pagan sculptures of the Greco-Roman garden style. The second influence was the increasing contact with the Islamic nations of the Middle East , especially after the 9th century.

Lavish furnishings in the emperor's palace and the adoption of automata in the palatial gardens are evidence of this influence. The third factor was a fundamental shift in the design of the Byzantine cities after the 7th century when they became smaller in size and population as well as more ruralised.

The class of wealthy aristocrats who could finance and maintain elaborate gardens probably shrank as well. The final factor was a shifting view toward a more "enclosed" garden space hortus conclusus , a dominant trend in Europe at that time. The open views and vistas so much favored by the garden builders of the Roman villas were replaced by garden walls and scenic views painted on the inside of these walls.

The concept of the heavenly paradise was an enclosed garden gained popularity during that time and especially after the iconoclastic period 7th century with the emphasis it placed on divine punishment and repentance. An area of horticulture that flourished throughout the long history of Byzantium was that practiced by monasteries. From these sources, we learn that monasteries maintained monastic gardens outside their walls and watered them with complex irrigation systems fed by springs or rainwater.

These gardens contained vineyards, broadleaf vegetables, and fruit trees for the sustenance of monks and pilgrims alike. The role of the gardener was frequently assumed by monks as an act of humility. Monastic horticultural practices established at that time are still in use in Christian monasteries throughout Greece and the Middle East.

Monasteries carried on a tradition of garden design and intense horticultural techniques during the medieval period in Europe. Rather than any one particular horticultural technique employed, it is the variety of different purposes the monasteries had for their gardens that serves as testament to their sophistication. As for gardening practices, records are limited, and there are no extant monastic gardens that are entirely true to original form.

There are, however, records and plans that indicate the types of garden a monastery might have had, such as those for St. Gall in Switzerland. Generally, monastic garden types consisted of kitchen gardens, infirmary gardens, cemetery orchards, cloister garths and vineyards. Individual monasteries might also have had a "green court", a plot of grass and trees where horses could graze, as well as a cellarer's garden or private gardens for obedientiaries, monks who held specific posts within the monastery.

From a utilitarian standpoint, vegetable and herb gardens helped provide both alimentary and medicinal crops, which could be used to feed or treat the monks and, in some cases, the outside community. As detailed in the plans for St. Gall, these gardens were laid out in rectangular plots, with narrow paths between them to facilitate collection of yields. These beds were often surrounded with wattle fencing to prevent animals from entry.

In the kitchen gardens, fennel, cabbage, onion, garlic, leeks, radishes, and parsnips might be grown, as well as peas, lentils, and beans, if space allowed for them. The infirmary gardens could contain Rosa gallica "The Apothecary Rose" , savory, costmary, fenugreek, rosemary, peppermint, rue, iris, sage, bergamot, mint, lovage, fennel, and cumin, amongst other herbs.

The herb and vegetable gardens served a purpose beyond that of production, and that was that their installation and maintenance allowed the monks to fulfil the manual labour component of the religious way of life prescribed by Rule of St.

Orchards also served as sites for food production and as arenas for manual labour, and cemetery orchards, such as that detailed in the plan for St. Gall, showed yet more versatility. The cemetery orchard not only produced fruit, but manifested as a natural symbol of the garden of Paradise. This bi-fold concept of the garden as a space that met both physical and spiritual needs was carried over to the cloister garth. The cloister garth, a claustrum consisting of the viridarium, a rectangular plot of grass surrounded by peristyle arcades, was barred to the laity, and served primarily as a place of retreat, a locus of the vita contemplativa.

Some cloister gardens contained small fish ponds as well, another source of food for the community. The arcades were used for teaching, sitting and meditating, or for exercise in inclement weather.

There is much conjecture as to ways in which the garth served as a spiritual aid. Umberto Eco describes the green swath as a sort of balm on which a monk might rest weary eyes, so as to return to reading with renewed vigor.

The square cloister garth was meant to represent the four points of the compass, and so the universe as a whole. As Turner puts it,.

Augustine inspired medieval garden makers to abjure earthliness and look upward for divine inspiration. A perfect square with a round pool and a pentagonal fountain became a microcosm, illuminating the mathematical order and divine grace of the macrocosm the universe. Walking around the cloister while meditating was a way of devoting oneself to the "path of life"; [21] indeed, each of the monastic gardens was imbued with symbolic as well as palpable value, testifying to the ingenuity of its creators.

In the later Middle Ages, texts, art, and literary works provide a picture of developments in garden design. During the late 12th to 15th centuries, European cities were walled for internal defense and to control trade.

Though space within these walls was limited, surviving documents show that there were animals, fruit trees and kitchen gardens inside the city limits.

Pietro Crescenzi , a Bolognese lawyer, wrote twelve volumes on the practical aspects of farming in the 13th century which offers a description of medieval gardening practices.

From his text, we know that gardens were surrounded with stonewalls, thick hedging, or fencing, and incorporated trellises and arbors. They borrowed their form from the square or rectangular shape of the cloister and included square planting beds. Grass was also first noted in the medieval garden. In the De Vegetabilibus of Albertus Magnus , written around , instructions are given for planting grass plots.

Raised banks covered in turf called "turf seats" were constructed to provide seating in the garden. Fruit trees were prevalent and often grafted to produce new varieties of fruit. Gardens included a raised mound or mount to serve as a stage for viewing, and planting beds were customarily elevated on raised platforms.

Two works from the late Middle Ages discuss plant cultivation. The most sophisticated gardening during the Middle Ages was done at the monasteries. Monks developed horticultural techniques and cultivated herbs, fruits, and vegetables. Using the medicinal herbs they grew, monks treated those suffering inside the monastery and in surrounding communities.

During the Middle Ages, gardens were thought to unite the earthly with the divine. The enclosed garden as an allegory for paradise or a "lost Eden" was termed the hortus conclusus.

Freighted with religious and spiritual significance, enclosed gardens were often depicted in the visual arts, picturing the Virgin Mary, a fountain, a unicorn, and roses inside an enclosed area. Though Medieval gardens lacked many of the features of the Renaissance gardens that followed them, some of the characteristics of these gardens continue to be incorporated today. The Italian Renaissance inspired a revolution in private gardening.

Renaissance private gardens were full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned allusions. Water during this time was especially symbolic: it was associated with fertility and the abundance of nature.

The first public gardens were built by the Spanish Crown in the 16th century, in Europe and the Americas. At this time the French opened the garden up to enormous proportions compared to their Italian predecessor. Their gardens epitomize monarch and 'man' dominating and manipulating nature to show his authority, wealth, and power. His belief that "all movement is a straight line therefore space is a universal grid of mathematical coordinates and everything can be located on its infinitely extendable planes" gave us Cartesian mathematics.

Through the classical French gardens this coordinate system and philosophy is now given a physical and visual representation. This French formal and axial garden style placed the house centrally on an enormous and mainly flat property of land.

A large central axis that gets narrower further from the main house, forces the viewer's perspective to the horizon line, making the property look even larger. The viewer is to see the property as a cohesive whole but at the same time is unable to see all the components of the garden.

One is to be led through a logical progression or story and be surprised by elements that aren't visible until approached. There is an allegorical story referring to the owner through statues and water features which have mythological references.

There are small, almost imperceptible grade changes that help conceal the gardens surprises as well as elongate the gardens views. These grand gardens have organized spaces meant to be elaborate stages for entertaining the court and guests with plays, concerts and fireworks displays. The following list of garden features were used:. Due to being an early hub for Western society and being used for centuries, Mediterranean soil was fragile, and one could think of the region's landscape culture to be a conflict between fruitfulness and frugality.

The area consisted largely of small-scale agricultural plots. Later, following World War II , Mediterranean immigrants brought this agricultural style to Canada, where fruit trees and vegetables in the backyard became common.

Forested areas played a number of roles for the British in the Middle Ages, and one of those roles was to produce game for the gentry. Lords of valuable land were expected to provide a bounty of animals for hunting during royal visits. Despite being in natural locations, forested manor homes could symbolize status, wealth and power if they appeared to have all amenities. After the Industrial Revolution , Britain's forest industry shrank until it no longer existed.

In response, the Garden City Movement brought urban planning into industrialized areas in the early 20th century to offset negative industrial effects such as pollution. There were several traditions that influenced English gardening in the 18th century, the first of which was to plant woods around homes.

By the midth century, coppice planting became consistent and was considered visually and aesthetically pleasing. Whereas forested areas were more useful for hunting purposes in Britain during the Middle Ages, 18th century patterns demonstrate a further deviation in gardening approach from practicality toward design meant to please the senses.

Likewise, English pleasure grounds were influenced by medieval groves, some of which were still in existence in 18th century Britain. This influence manifest in the form of shrubbery, sometimes organized in mazes or maze-like formations.

And though also ancient, shredding became a common characteristic of these early gardens, as the method enabled light to enter the understory. Shredding was used to make garden groves , which ideally included an orchard with fruit trees, fragrant herbs and flowers, and moss-covered pathways. While the earliest account of a botanical garden was in Pisa in , the first discovered English botanical garden was in Oxford in The picturesque garden style emerged in England in the 18th century, one of the growing currents of the larger Romantic movement.

The manicured hills, lakes and trees dotted with allegorical temples were sculpted into the land. By the s there was a reaction against these stereotypical compositions; a number of thinkers began to promote the idea of picturesque gardens. The leader of the movement was landscape theorist William Gilpin , an accomplished artist known for his realistic depictions of Nature. He preferred the natural landscape over the manicured and urged designers to respond to the topography of a given site.

He also noted that while classical beauty was associated with the smooth and neat, picturesque beauty had a wilder, untamed quality. The picturesque style also incorporated architectural follies�castles, Gothic ruins, rustic cottages�built to add interest and depth to the landscape. Controversy between the picturesque school and proponents of the more manicured garden raged well into the 19th century.

Landscape designer Humphry Repton supported Gilpin's ideas, particularly that of the garden harmonizing with surrounding landforms. The French landscape garden , also called the jardin anglais or jardin pittoresque , was influenced by contemporary English gardens.

Rococo features like Turkish tents and Chinese bridges are prevalent in French gardens in the 18th century. The French Picturesque garden style falls into two categories: those that were staged, almost like theatrical scenery, usually rustic and exotic, called jardin anglo-chinois , and those filled with pastoral romance and bucolic sentiment, influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

English garden is the common term in the English-speaking world for interpretations, derivations, and revivals in the style of the original Landscape Garden examples. The Gardenesque style of English garden design evolved during the s from Humphry Repton's Picturesque or "Mixed" style, largely through the efforts of J. Loudon , who invented the term. In a Gardenesque plan, all trees, shrubs, and other plants are positioned and managed in such a way that the character of each plant can be displayed to its full potential.

With the spread of botany as a suitable subject of study for the enlightened, the Gardenesque tended to emphasize botanical curiosities and a collector's approach. New plant material that would have seemed bizarre and alien in earlier gardening found settings: pampas grass from Argentina and monkey-puzzle trees from Chile, for example. Winding paths linked scattered plantings. The Gardenesque approach involved the creation of small-scale landscapes, dotted with features and vignettes, to promote beauty of detail, variety and mystery, sometimes to the detriment of coherence.

Artificial mounds helped to stage groupings of shrubs, and island beds became prominent features.

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