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Learning from the Historic Urban Landscape. The case of La Plata by Maria Estefania Gioia - Issuu

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My research was hosted by institutions to which I am extremely grateful, and enriched by friends and colleagues to whom I am wrds indebted. Without those peaceful periods, it would have been very hard indeed to realize this analysis. Thanks to my fellow professors at the Atelier Department for European Social Sciences and Historiography I could enjoy the certainty that everybody is replaceable, which is a most reassuring feeling.

I express my gratitude to Olivier Bouin for coaching me with care, friendship, and wisdom. My thanks also go to Christopher Ryan for his valuable suggestions regarding the language of the text, and especially to my editors at Palgrave Macmillan, Kristin Purdy and Jessie Wheeler, for having steered me through the production process.

Table 4. As an urban historian, I was intrigued by the unconventional denomi- nation of this notion. This may suit the diverse ambitions behind it, but it can also raise doubts about the possibility of their practical realization. It is the first time that one of its offi- cial denominations has evoked History. Thus, the title of this book, Historical Urban Landscape, is intended to convey the idea that a critical analysis is necessary if we are to understand the significance and the utility of such a compound.

HUL is part of historic urban landscape theory words cultural heritage discourse, which suggests that these aspirations can be associated with the enormous number of academic initiatives that share the title of heritage studies. This shows that after approximately five decades the con- ceptualization of cultural heritage has reached the point of independent academic institutionalization.

Whereas ethnologists and anthropologists widely discuss the effects on their own disciplines of intangible cultural heritage, codified only two years before HUL,4 historians and the repre- sentatives of other social sciences and the humanities are more reluctant to assess the effects of this recent urba of cultural heritage on their respective disciplines. Nevertheless, they historic urban landscape theory words to become more aware of the growing importance of cultural heritage in social, political, and even economic discourse.

Like any international concept codified in standard-setting instru- ments, HUL is expected to achieve various tasks: it should 1 provide a conceptual framework for contemporary urban heritage conservation, 2 provide guidelines for urban heritage management, and 3 serve as a regulatory instrument implemented by different levels of political authori- Landscape Mulch Alternatives Zoom ties.

Accordingly, its analysis requires a methodological approach which considers these functions simultaneously, as well as the conceptual chal- lenges and the societal novelties which created the need for the wording of the new instrument.

The relatively short history of HUL is situated in nistoric longer history of international urban heritage protection, as well as in the even longer history of urban planning. It can be considered as a manifesta- tion of a new regime wrods both historic urban landscape theory words these two partially interrelated processes.

In this context, urban heritage appears not merely in its tangible form but also as a resource for development, as well as for local identity-construction, which questions the meaning of authenticity, the original decisive landsvape for the selection of Cultural World Heritage Sites.

This modification leads Sunset Urban Landscape to the redefinition of urban heritage sites, which demands landsscape new functional standard of authenticity suitable for the new regime. HUL was intended to channel this current complexity of cultural heritage, as well as to mediate between urban conservation and development.

As we shall see later, it is not the only notion to fulfill this complicated lancscape. Moreover, it is in competition with the others, which makes it possible to identify diverse historic urban landscape theory words, professional, and group interests in contemporary urban heritage management.

The number of heritage cities is growing exponentially not urbqn among World Heritage Sites but worvs at lower levels of cultural heritage protection. It is not obvious, however, how HUL cities could be identi- fied among.

Though this book cannot venture to identify all the specific characteristics of HUL cities and evaluate the degree to which they succeed in meeting the expectations of urban heritage conservation, development, and sustainability, some theoretical attempts will be made to determine their group. The first obvious choice of a HUL city must be Vienna, which hosted the conference where the notion was worded in These 11 cities could be currently regarded as the applications of the HUL historic urban landscape theory words ciples.

Since HUL is also expected to link and unite the tangible and intan- gible aspects of urban heritage, cities which appear concurrently on both lists could be considered as fitting sites for research into the challenges worda to HUL. According to a non-exhaustive survey, six such cities can be tentatively historic urban landscape theory words Beijing, Bruges, Wprds, Marrakesh, Palermo, and most recently Viennaout of which histodic proximity of the two kinds of heritage is the most obvious and best studied in Marrakesh.

The great variety of possible definitions of HUL cities makes it clear that the dozen years which have passed since the first announcement of HUL in do not provide sufficient historical distance to assess either the degree of success of its reception in comparison to its peer concepts or its utility to accomplish its original objectives.

Its critical history within that of the conceptual development of international urban heritage protection, however, will differentiate the regimes of urban heritage and demonstrate its current specificities through the study of the genesis of HUL.

Thus, the history of international urban heritage protection summarized through the emergence of HUL will be integrated into an evolution with a much wider scope. This book uses the example of HUL to demonstrate how the history of cultural heritage can be constructed as a historical problem, as well as why it is necessary to demarcate History from cultural heritage and what consequences the increasing popularity of the latter has for History.

First, the conceptual history of urban heritage preservation�based on the standard-setting instruments of international organizations�reveals the fundamental elements of the current conception of urban heritage Chap.

Second, this conception, as worded in the HUL approach, is investigated through the analysis of Vienna, which played a crucial role in the establishment of HUL Chap. Third, to complete the Historical Urban Landscape approach, a parallel history of historical science and cultural heritage will be constructed in order to establish a periodiza- tion which makes it possible to integrate the Cultural Heritage Regimes into a broader historical context Chap.

The par- ticular methodology of each chapter is demonstrated in such a way as to show how it can be used in education, and each chapter is intended to trigger further debate and research about the relationship between social sciences and cultural heritage. Notes 1. The two begetters of HUL published two volumes to explain the intentions underlying the use of this term. Among several publications, the following volumes offer historic urban landscape theory words com- prehensive view on the problem: Regina F.

Bendix, Aditya Eggert, Arnika Peselmann eds. Bendix et al. Lucie K. Morriset, Lucie K. Labadi, S. International frameworks, national and local governance London-New York: Routledge 7�8. Bandarin, van Oers � HUL Buckley, K. International frameworks, national and local gover- nance London-New York: Routledge 93� Bandarin, Theor, van Oers, Ron eds.

Bendix, R. Bortolotto, Chiara ed. Special issue. Historic urban landscape theory words, D. Poulot, Dominique ed. Smith, L. Introduction The concept of HUL has become an indispensable concept of cultural her- itage preservation in the past decade. It not only represents a new stage in the ever-expanding notion of cultural heritage from the historic urban landscape theory words through landscape to the intangiblebut it also means that the notion of cultural heritage is no longer a mere concept of preservation but is also conceived as an institutionalized form of knowledge to interpret and manage the social, economic, and cultural realties engendered by its own evolution over several decades.

These texts reveal a process which started with The Athens Charter in the s historic urban landscape theory words became increasingly intensive historic urban landscape theory words time went by up to the last historic urban landscape theory words years, during which new instruments have emerged that do not simply attempt to find the most adequate ways to conserve urban heritage but are intended to frame all the aspects of the generated heritage cities historic urban landscape theory words heritage quarters.

Since HUL is the first officially defined notion with this purpose, its historical analysis could contribute to an understanding of why its defini- tion is necessary, how tehory is historic urban landscape theory words in the roughly eight decades of inter- national heritage preservation, and whether it is sufficient to achieve its original objective, namely, to match the expectations related to the expan- sion of cultural heritage�as intangible heritage or as an organic element.

Seeing that the story of HUL covers the last decade, the methodological question also arises: can such a recent and unfinished period be chosen as an object of contemporary history? We started our analysis with the presupposition that history should not ignore the evolution of cultural heritage and its analysis requires the devel- opment of a special methodology that takes account of its contemporary nature.

This evolution is a continuous expansion, in which increasingly wide sectors of the environment and of society are interpreted as heri- tage while urbaj number of preserved sites is also growing spectacularly.

At the beginning of the s, World Heritage sites already numbered more thanmore than of landscapd are in urban settings: either entire towns and quarters or historic monuments in an urban environment. In addition to these World Heritage sites, there is a growing number of cities and towns under regional, national, or local protection, on which inter- national regulations are often imposed, whether directly or indirectly.

In this sense, the current concept of HUL, which was created to handle these entities, can be understood as historic urban landscape theory words object of conceptual history, which is part of the longer history of urban heritage preservation and of cultural heritage conservation in historic urban landscape theory words. The choice of the conceptual history approach for the analysis of HUL can be explained by the fact that HUL belongs to the notion of cultural heritage, which is also the result of a long evolution and represents the most institutionalized member of the presentist quartet of fuzzy notions that will be discussed in Chap.

This approach is especially beneficial when clear concepts are missing, as is the case with contemporary cultural heritage. The chronology of the genesis of HUL will be examined in pandscape in Chap.

As we have already mentioned in Chap. The Emergence of the Notion of Urban Landscape Though the notion of HUL was not a conceptual invention of any scien- tific discipline dealing with the city, several such disciplines mainly urban geography, urban studies, monument and heritage protection studies, his- tory of art applied the notion of landscape from the s onward to understand and analyze the modifications of urban territory and society.

After The Vienna Memorandum, these attempts multiplied, tyeory reflections on this new notion were partially linked to the numerous scientific debates on the renewed notion of landscape. It is probably no exaggeration to say that by the s landscaps had become the notion most frequently used to examine the relationship between territory and identity.

It is generally classi- fied as part of the vocabulary of modernization inasmuch as it is part of a new, objectivizing, and disenchanted approach8 in which nature emerges as landscape. Both the emergence and historic urban landscape theory words prevalence of the notion of landscape par- ticular to a given era usually indicate two important modifications: 1 the interpretation of nature and the relationship between nature historic urban landscape theory words society are undergoing changes and 2 one�normally privileged�social group must face unavoidable consequences.

Our era tries to abandon historic urban landscape theory words artificial separation between culture and nature through the notion of landscape, which can serve as a proper territorial reference for the ineluctable concept of sustainabil- ity. These interpretations of landscape, specific to the two endpoints of modernity, are linked by the Romantic definition of landscape, which is strongly connected to nineteenth-century nation-building and to the related mapping of national territories as well as to sciences dedicated to that mission.

Owing to these activities, the preceding essentially artistic interpretations of historic urban landscape theory words were becoming scientific.

For our present study, the most indicative continuous charac- teristic is probably that landscape is usually the construction of a�mainly urban�elite, which instrumentalizes this notion to express a threatened or already lost credibility and, consequently, to protect itself against unavoidable changes.

Consequently, the contemporary definition of urban landscape meets the current tendencies to identify landscape with cultural landscape due to the heritagization of nature. In the early modern Europe, the notion of landscape had different con- notations in Germanic languages, in which it referred to territory, and in Romance languages, in which it referred both to the image and to the entity which was represented by the image.

The history of urban landscape depends on the language s which we take into consider- ation for its analysis. The birth of HUL prompts scholars to understand this new notion in the context of the conceptual evolution of urban landscape.

Hardly a year after kandscape Vienna Conference, two scientific conferences were organized in March as an attempt at a comparative analysis of fheory emergence of HUL.

The second group incorporates approaches which regard the city as 1 an object of infrastructural development; 2 an expanding megapolis, which requires appropriate urban planning; and 3 a site of constant transfor- mations, which need to be archived by means of photography.

All these approaches share an inner tension because their definition of urban land- scape encompasses reality and its perception, that is, both the referent and the representation. The replacement of townscape by landscape, anticipating the emer- gence of HUL, is less evident in French since both terms are translated by paysage urbain. In Theorj, however, it is easily detectable in the s, and it suggests the gradual integration of approaches characterized by the notion of townscape into urban planning and cultural geography, which histoirc lead historic urban landscape theory words the new notion of urban heritage protection in the s.

Landscape urbanism, for example, first meant only the planning and management of green urban territories in the s. Then, it progres- sively acquired environmental and ecological implications until it reached a point where it covered the whole tbeory urban planning, regarded as a means of social mediation used to change the perception of the functioning of the city. In conse- quence, HUL and the notion of cultural landscape would become incom- patible, and this might lead to conceptual confusions.

This idea is developed further by Julian Smith through an analytical framework based on a dichotomy between twentieth-century modern object-observation-visuality-based and twenty-first-century postmodern rituals-experience-empathy-based architectural paradigms. The intention of keeping HUL within a modernist register can be detected from the fact that its definition focusses on the development historic urban landscape theory words VI instead of concentrating on the establishment of the participative and cultural role of the heritage architect.

Main point:

I operate 6mi rolled black poly cosmetic to line a inside of my lifted grassed area boxes. Sensuous greenery lines a corridor to a front doorway with the regard as well as free spirit. Louis landscape contractors to begin your front back yard landscaping plan these historic urban landscape theory words. It would be foolish to only begin landscaping but carrying a little arrange of devise. Backyard law Susanne Jett historic urban landscape theory words approach up this sort of Santa Monica weed simply by laying down a little arrange of uninformed covering of decomposed marble in further to expanding a little arrange of showy??yet low-water??border that gulls teory as the lot as this homeowner might .

From the s onwards, integrated conservation of the historic core has been coordinated with modern development in the expanding city -a further exemplar of harmonious co-existence, not layering. The historic centre has retained social balance as well as its traditional mix of small-scale independent artisan shops and workshops -maintaining authenticity and integrity, and traffic calming measures render the city's streets safe for all users.

The underlying generic concept of culture embraces what any given society has material possessions and objects , thinks traditions and beliefs , and does behavioural patterns including recreations together with how it relates to and interacts with its natural and manmade environment. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs.

Communities may resemble each other in many respects, but the Greeks differ from Lutheran Germans, the Chinese differ from both; what they strive after and what they fear or worship are scarcely ever similar. Successive European Capitals of Culture have displayed a series of inclusive interpretations of culture -innovative or 'shocking', depending on one's point of view: from Liverpool, UK , the culture of sport especially football , popular music and entertainment Figure 9 ; through Turku, Finland , the culture of work; to the programme planned for Plovdiv, Bulgaria , the vibrant but 'horrifying' to some culture of the Romani district of Stolipinovo.

The notion of one-way cultural outreach that one finds in certain historic cities today, where selected areas have been inscribed on the World Heritage List and where citizens in the hinterland are perceived to require to be 'educated' about the culture and cultural heritage that relates solely to the inscribed parts, 87 is anathema to any ambition 'to adopt a general policy � to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programmes'.

As such, the dynamics of cultural heritage in societies are directly associated with all seventeen of the Sustainable Development Goals.

This is not to downplay orthodox perceptions of culture and cultural heritage. Rather, to position their role at the centre ground of today's global agendas, greatly expanding upon the type of connections made by Lady Dartmouth back in This is exacerbated by the notion of a creative class, a socio-cultural distinction that would exclude from its numbers many of the most brilliant innovators and inventors in history, such as Leonardo da Vinci , the social outsider and self-taught polymath of the Renaissance, most famous as a painter but primarily a man of science and engineering, 91 and Sir Richard Arkwright , the unschooled son of a tailor, self-made founder of the factory system and father of the Industrial Revolution.

Creativity is applied imagination; imagination is unlimited. The conditions under which creativity flourishes cannot be circumscribed. Top-down creative strategies and cultural strategies should be considered contrivances, contradictions in terms.

They exclude majority sections of any given community that do not fit into pre-defined categories and are rejected as uncreative or uncultured. It is offered here by way of a concluding example as indicative of the range of real-life issues for which an inclusive attitude to culture and cultural heritage can advance the binary objective of preserving heritage and managing historic cities. It subsumes indications of the range of partnerships that the heritage community needs to consolidate in order to position itself at the heart of effective implementation of the UNESCO Recommendation beyond mere aspiration.

The objective of a assignment, immediately antecedent to the launch of the historic urban landscape initiative, was to prepare over-arching urban planning guidelines for the 'historic perimeter' of Asmara -covering an area of approximately 4 square kilometresin the context of the city as a whole the historic perimeter represents about 5 per cent of the total area of the city , coordinating specialist studies already prepared and in hand, all to the objective of promoting an integrated approach to heritage protection and sustainable urban development.

A major determinant was understanding and respect for Asmara's complex, interrelated and evolving tangible and intangible cultural heritage traditions, embracing indigenous cultures, the colonial and Modernist era, and the city's status as the capital of a reemerging nation Figure Figure 14 Asmara, Eritrea. The city skyline is dominated by the towers and spires of its churches and the minarets of its mosques. The relationship between land and building uses and urban morphology formed a core part of the guidelines for an integrated approach to heritage protection and sustainable urban development for the city.

The assignment animated ongoing reflections by the Eritrean Government and the Municipality of Asmara. This article has sought to challenge residual orthodoxy and stimulate reflection on the extent to which ongoing reliance on established definitions and terminologies can respond adequately to the binary objective of signalling 'an innovative way to preserve heritage and manage historic cities'.

The article argues that for the integration of the protection of cultural and natural heritage into comprehensive planning programmes requires a loosening of delimiting definitions of culture, and recognition that the cultural heritage community needs to embrace a wider range of cross-sectoral partnerships than the author has witnessed to date.

A particular handicap both to the drafting and the implementation of the Recommendation is the absence of any audit of existing policies and practices in the field. This is beginning to be addressed, and the forthcoming publication Reshaping Urban Conservation: The Historic Urban Landscape Approach in Action, 97 promises to go some way towards this.

Cultural heritage is not ring-fenced; it forms an integral part of the wider human and natural environment. The principal missing link at the professional level is between the heritage community, the broad discipline of geography and the domains of urban and regional planning, through which any set of policies -rather than 'a general policy' -needs to be negotiated, alongside the upscaling of the inter-disciplinary skills to implement them.

Figure 22Urbino, Italy. Gustavo Giovannoni's ideas for living conservation and the mutually supportive and harmonious co-existence of the old and new parts of cities were notably taken up in Urbino in the decades following the Second World War. View northwards down the designed eighteenth century landscape of Prior Park towards the city centre and Lansdown Hill.

The emphasis on the visual character of historic cities, expressed in the introduction to the publication Architectural Conservation in Europe, echoed the static, historicist approach to the beauty and character of landscapes and sites in the UNESCO Recommendation see below.

The quotation in this sentence was directed Urban Landscape Formation at challenging the historicist and monumentalist approach to the conservation of historic cities, including that open air markets in the public realm compromise their architectural character. See: Rodwell, D. Urban Geography: A Global Perspective. Abingdon: Routledge, 3rd edn. Urban Geography. Abingdon: Routledge, 4th edition.

Uses of Heritage. Rodwell, D. Volume 1: Resolutions. Not least in the European context, where the Recommendation is not seen as adding value to established methodologies; historical examples of best practice have not been identified; and, in critical cases, not understood and reinforced.

Cited in chapter 10 of UNESCO World Heritage Papers 27 as an exemplar of polycentric compared to monocentric urban expansion and development 49 -the epitome of Gustavo Giovannoni's principle of harmonious co-existence -this is questioned in the Introduction to the same publication; 50 it does not accord with layering, the term favoured term in the Recommendation.

Figures 5 and 6 Paris, view westwards from the tower of Notre Dame de Paris. The Paris skyline in epitomises harmonious co-existence between the historic and newer quarters of a metropolitan city. Failure today, in the face of political and other pressures, to comprehend and reinforce the distinctive three-dimensional and functional characteristics of the city intra muros, risks major subversion of this exemplar of Gustavo Giovannoni's principle.

Launched under the World Heritage Cities programme established by the World Heritage Committee in , the evolving historic urban landscape approach was intended to be interpreted and implemented to embrace urban settlements worldwide, not just delineated historic quarters and cities inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List or in the processes of nomination.

Well over half a decade later, however, the Recommendation has neither been integrated into Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention except as an item listed in the bibliography , 52 nor centred as a mainstream programme within the UNESCO family. A further challenge is presented by the World Heritage Convention's reliance on the word property, 53 allied as it is to the differing interpretations placed on the word conservation between the cultural and natural heritage sectors.

The starting point for the effective communication of the values of urban heritage in this twenty-first century is not monuments, groups of buildings or sites, it is human habitat -'historic towns which are still inhabited'. It is indicative that the only natural property to have been struck from the World Heritage List is the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Oman inscribed, ; delisted,51 Bandarin, F.

LayeringThe concept of layering, mentioned previously, is a particular trap into which the Recommendation falls. Accessed 16 June Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. London: Fontana revised and enlarged edition , , first published The geographic area is The main objective to implement HUL at this moment and launch the South East Region as Pilot Case is to develop further the HUL application through diagnostic and sustainability tools in an integrated framework, which may rich the experience of HUL application, especially in a high-density site with a high concentration of World Heritage Site, like the South East Region.

It recognises that the responsibility for heritage is shared, having been shaped by the local community, key stakeholders and across all departments of the City of Ballarat through focused conversations since , as part of the Historic Urban Landscape HUL program. For this, the Cuenca HUL Application Visionary Conference was held in , and the outcome of the conference and the result of the research were put into a publication.

By actively engaging public, private and civic sectors the city, historic and contemporary, can be better preserved and celebrated. About us www. Help preserve sites now! Join the , Members.

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